Nyumba zamatabwa zimamangidwa kuti zikhale zolimba
Kuyambira nyumba zamatabwa zakale zomwe zakhala zikupirira mayesero a nthawi yayitali mpaka nsanja zazitali zamakono zomwe zikukwera kwambiri, nyumba zamatabwa ndi zolimba komanso zolimba.
Nyumba zamatabwa zimakhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri
Matabwa olimba komanso olimba ndi zinthu zolimba zomwe zimapereka chithandizo cha zaka zambiri, ngakhale zaka mazana ambiri. Komabe pali malingaliro olakwika akuti nyumba zopangidwa ndi zinthu monga konkire kapena chitsulo zimakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa nyumba zopangidwa ndi matabwa. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zinthu zina zilizonse, kapangidwe kogwira mtima ndi komwe kumafunikira.
Nyumba zakale zamatabwa zikupitirirabe kukhalapo kuphatikizapo akachisi aku Japan a m'zaka za m'ma 800, matchalitchi a Norway a stave a m'zaka za m'ma 1100, ndi nyumba zambiri zakale za ku England ndi ku Europe zomwe zimakhalapo pambuyo pa matabwa. Kupatula kufunika kwa chikhalidwe chawo, nyumba zakale zamatabwazi zimakhalapobe chifukwa zidapangidwa bwino, kumangidwa komanso kusamalidwa bwino.
Tchalitchi cha Lom stave, Norway | Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Arvid Høidahl
Chomwe chakhala chakale ndi chatsopano kachiwiri
Ndi kapangidwe ndi kukonza bwino, nyumba zamatabwa zimapereka chithandizo cha nthawi yayitali komanso chothandiza. Ndipo ngakhale kulimba ndikofunikira kuganizira, nthawi zambiri zinthu zina, monga kuthekera kosinthasintha ndikuzolowera kugwiritsa ntchito zatsopano, ndizo zimalamulira moyo wa nyumbayo. Ndipotu, kafukufuku wina sanapeze ubale wofunikira pakati pa kapangidwe ka nyumbayo ndi moyo weniweni wa nyumbayo. Kugulitsa nyumba, kusintha zosowa za anthu okhalamo ndi kusintha malo nthawi zambiri ndi chifukwa chomwe nyumbayo imagwetsedwa. Popeza ndi chinthu cholimba, chogwiritsidwanso ntchito komanso chobwezerezedwanso, matabwa amatha kuchepetsa zinyalala ndikuzolowera zosowa zosuntha.
Chithunzi mwachilolezo cha Leckie Studio Architecture + Design
Kodi mitengo imaima bwanji yayitali chonchi osagwa?
Mtengo ndi wolimba kwambiri moti mphamvu ya mphepo yamphamvu, nthawi zambiri, siidula thunthu lake ndi nthambi zake. Mphamvu yachilengedwe imeneyi imachokera ku mphamvu ya matabwa. Matabwa ndi osinthasintha mokwanira kotero kuti sangasweke, ndi olimba mokwanira kotero kuti sangasweke, ndi opepuka mokwanira kotero kuti sangagwedezeke chifukwa cha kulemera kwake. Monga momwe wasayansi wina akulembera, "palibe chinthu chopangidwa chomwe chingachite zonsezi: mapulasitiki si olimba mokwanira; njerwa ndi zofooka kwambiri; galasi ndi losalimba kwambiri; chitsulo ndi cholemera kwambiri. Kulemera kwa kulemera, matabwa mwina ali ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zopangira zinthu zilizonse, kotero sizosadabwitsa kuti timagwiritsabe ntchito matabwa ambiri kuposa zipangizo zina zonse popanga nyumba zathu."
Mphamvu ndi kukhazikika kwachilengedwe kwa Wood
Matabwa ndi chinthu cholimba mwachilengedwe komanso chopepuka. Mitengo imatha kupirira mphamvu zazikulu zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi mphepo, nyengo komanso masoka achilengedwe. Izi ndizotheka chifukwa matabwa amapangidwa ndi maselo atali komanso olimba. Ndi kapangidwe kapadera ka makoma a maselo awa komwe kumapatsa matabwa mphamvu yomanga. Makoma a maselo amapangidwa ndi cellulose, lignin ndi hemicellulose. Akasinthidwa kukhala zinthu zamatabwa, maselowa amapitiriza kupereka njira zomangira zopepuka komanso zofewa komanso zolimba zofanana ndi zipangizo zina zomangira.
Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuti ndi zolemera zochepa, zinthu zopangidwa ndi matabwa zimatha kupirira mphamvu zambiri—makamaka pamene mphamvu zoponderezana ndi kupsinjika zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi njere za matabwa. Mwachitsanzo, sikweya imodzi ya Douglas-fir, 10 cm x 10 cm, imatha kupirira pafupifupi makilogalamu 5,000 poponderezana mofanana ndi njere. Monga zipangizo zomangira, matabwa amagwira ntchito bwino akamapanikizika chifukwa ndi chinthu cholimba—kutalika kwake komwe angapindike asanawonongeke kapena kulephera. Matabwa ndi abwino kwambiri pa nyumba zomwe kupsinjika kumakhala kosalekeza komanso kosalekeza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chabwino pa nyumba zomwe zimanyamula katundu wambiri kwa nthawi yayitali.
Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Nik West
Matabwa opangidwa ndi uinjiniya ndi chisankho chabwino chogwiritsidwa ntchito panja
Kwa zaka zoposa khumi, matabwa omwe amawonekera pa siteshoni ya Brentwood Town Centre akuoneka atsopano. Kuti apitirize kugwira ntchito bwino komanso kuoneka bwino, gululo linagwiritsa ntchito matabwa owuma mu uvuni kapena opangidwa mwaluso okha ndipo linapanga kapangidwe ka siteshoniyo m'njira yoti matabwawo asagwere chifukwa cha kupotoka ndi kutuluka kwa madzi.
Kupatuka, kukhetsa madzi, kuumitsa ndi kulimba kwa nyumba zamatabwa
Mavuto monga kuwola ndi nkhungu angapewedwe pokonza bwino nyumba zamatabwa kuti zisalowe m'madzi ndi chinyezi. Chinyezi chikhoza kuthandizidwa, ndipo kuwola kungapewedwe m'nyumba zamatabwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zinayi zodziwika bwino: kupatuka, kutulutsa madzi, kuumitsa ndi zinthu zolimba.
Kupotoka ndi kutayira madzi ndiye njira zoyamba zodzitetezera. Zipangizo zopotoka (monga kuphimba ndi kuunikira kwa mawindo) zimaletsa chipale chofewa, mvula ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimadzetsa chinyezi kunja kwa nyumbayo ndikuchichotsa kumadera ofunikira. Kupotoka kwa madzi kumatsimikizira kuti madzi akulowa kunja kwa nyumbayo mwachangu momwe angathere, monga ngalande yotulutsira madzi yomwe imayikidwa m'makoma oteteza mvula.
Kuumitsa kumakhudzana ndi kutulutsa mpweya, kuyenda kwa mpweya komanso kupuma bwino kwa nyumba yamatabwa. Nyumba zamatabwa zamakono zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino zimatha kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino kwambiri pamene zikulowa m'madzi. Pankhaniyi, chinyezi chimafalikira kunja kuti chichepetse chiopsezo cha kuzizira ndi kukula kwa nkhungu pamene chikuwonjezera kutentha.
Paki ya Olimpiki ya Whistler | Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi: KK Law
N’chifukwa chiyani matabwa ndi chisankho chabwino m’malo okhala ndi chinyezi?
Ndi kapangidwe koyenera, zinthu zambiri zamatabwa ndi mitundu yake zimalimbana ndi chinyezi chambiri komanso mankhwala ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimakhudza zinthu zina, monga mchere wowononga, ma asidi osungunuka, mpweya wa mafakitale ndi mpweya wa m'nyanja. Chifukwa cha kukana kwake zinthuzi, matabwa nthawi zambiri amakhala oyenera nyumba zomwe zili ndi chinyezi chambiri komanso chinyezi monga zinthu za m'madzi. Matabwa ndi a hygroscopic—zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nthawi zonse amasinthasintha chinyezi ndi mpweya wozungulira—zomwe zimathandiza kulamulira chinyezi ndikulinganiza chinyezi cha m'nyumba. Nyumba zamatabwa m'malo onyowa, monga zinthu za m'madzi, zimakana kuchepa kapena kupindika chifukwa cha chinyezi.
Kulimba kwachilengedwe komanso kukana kuwonongeka
Kuphatikiza pa kupatuka, kukhetsa madzi ndi kuumitsa, kulimba kwachilengedwe kwa matabwa ndi njira yowonjezera yodzitetezera. Nkhalango za ku British Columbia zimapereka mitundu yolimba mwachilengedwe kuphatikizapo western red cedar, yellow cedar ndi Douglas-fir. Mitundu iyi imapereka kukana kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ku tizilombo ndi kuwola m'chilengedwe chawo, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala achilengedwe otchedwa extractives. Extractives ndi mankhwala achilengedwe omwe amaikidwa mu heartwood ya mitundu ina ya mitengo pamene amasintha sapwood kukhala heartwood. Mitundu yotereyi ndi yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kunja monga siding, decking, fencing, denga ndi mafelemu a zenera—nthawi zina imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga maboti ndi ntchito za m'madzi chifukwa cha kulimba kwawo kwachilengedwe.
Nyumba zamatabwa zimapereka ntchito yokhalitsa ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mosamala nthawi zambiri kumachotsa kufunikira kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Nthawi zina, pamene matabwa aonekera ndipo nthawi zonse amakhudzana ndi madzi—monga denga lakunja kapena siding—kapena amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera omwe tizilombo toboola matabwa timatha kuwononga, njira zina zingafunike. Izi zitha kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zotetezera ndi mankhwala amphamvu kuti zithetse kuwonongeka. Opanga mapulani ambiri akugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zopangira mapulani ndi njira zachilengedwe zopangira matabwa zomwe zimachepetsa kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zotetezera mankhwala.
Nyumba Yosungira Mitundu Inayi | Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi: KK Law
Makala owala kwambiri amapereka kukongola ndi brawn
Malo Opangira Zinthu Zatsopano ndi Zopanga, omwe ndi pulojekiti yayitali yowonetsera mitengo, ali ndi cedar wofiira wa kumadzulo wotenthedwa mwachilengedwe komanso wotentha—njira yotetezera yomwe idayamba ku Japan m'zaka za m'ma 1700 yotchedwa shou sugi ban. Chifukwa cha kukongola kwake kwapadera, njirayi imaipangitsa kukhala yakuda kwambiri komanso yowala kwambiri pamene ikuipatsa mphamvu yowonjezera ku tizilombo, moto ndi nyengo.
Wood Innovation ndi Design Center | Ngongole ya zithunzi: Brudder Productions
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-05-2025
