Izakhiwo zokhuni zakhiwe ukuze zihlale isikhathi eside
Kusukela ezakhiweni zokhuni ezineminyaka eyizinkulungwane ubudala eziye zamelana novivinyo lwesikhathi eside kuya emibhoshongweni yesimanje emide yokhuni ephakama njalo, izakhiwo zokhuni ziqinile futhi zihlala isikhathi eside.
Izakhiwo zokhuni zihlala amakhulu eminyaka
Njengoba iqinile futhi iqinile, ukhuni luyinto eqinile enikeza amashumi eminyaka, ngisho namakhulu eminyaka, yesevisi. Kodwa kusekhona imibono eyiphutha yokuthi izakhiwo ezenziwe ngezinto ezifana nokhonkolo noma insimbi zihlala isikhathi eside kunezakhiwo ezenziwe ngokhuni. Njenganoma yiziphi izinto zokwakha, ukuklama okuphumelelayo yikho okubalulekile.
Izakhiwo zokhuni zasendulo ziyaqhubeka nokuma okuhlanganisa amathempeli aseJapan ekhulu lesi-8, amasonto e-stave aseNorway ekhulu le-11, kanye nezakhiwo eziningi ze-medieval post-and-beam zaseNgilandi naseYurophu. Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwazo kwamasiko, lezi zakhiwo zokhuni ezindala ziyaqhubeka ngoba zaklanywa kahle, zakhiwe futhi zinakekelwa kahle.
Isonto likaLom stave, eNorway | Isithombe sithathwe ngu-Arvid Høidahl
Okudala sekusha futhi
Ngomklamo nokunakekelwa okufanele, izakhiwo zokhuni zinikeza isevisi ende newusizo. Futhi nakuba ukuqina kuyinto ebalulekile yokucatshangelwa, ngokuvamile ezinye izici, njengekhono lokuguquguquka nokuzivumelanisa nokusetshenziswa okusha, yizona ezilawula isikhathi sokuphila kwesakhiwo. Eqinisweni, olunye ucwaningo alutholanga ubudlelwano obubalulekile phakathi kohlelo lwesakhiwo olusetshenziswayo kanye nokuphila kwangempela kwesakhiwo. Ukuthengiswa kwempahla, ukushintsha kwezidingo zabahlali kanye nokushintsha indawo ngokuvamile kuyimbangela yokubhidlizwa kwesakhiwo. Njengezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside, ezingasetshenziswa kabusha futhi ezingaphinde zisetshenziswe, ukhuni lunganciphisa imfucuza futhi luvumelane nezidingo ezishintshashintshayo.
Isithombe sivela ku-Leckie Studio Architecture + Design
Izihlahla zima kanjani zinde kangaka zingawi?
Isihlahla sinamandla kangangokuthi amandla amakhulu emimoya enamandla, ezimweni eziningi, awasiphuli isiqu namagatsha aso. La mandla emvelo angumphumela wezakhiwo zangaphakathi zokhuni. Izinkuni ziguquguquka ngokwanele ukuthi ngeke ziphuke, ziqinile ngokwanele ukuthi ngeke ziphuke, zilula ngokwanele ukuthi ngeke zigobe ngaphansi kwesisindo sazo. Njengoba omunye usosayensi ebhala, “akukho nto ekhiqiziwe engenza zonke lezi zinto: amapulasitiki awaqinile ngokwanele; izitini zibuthakathaka kakhulu; ingilazi iyaphuka kakhulu; insimbi inzima kakhulu. Isisindo uma siqhathaniswa nesisindo, ukhuni cishe lunezakhiwo zobunjiniyela ezinhle kakhulu kunoma iyiphi into, ngakho akumangazi ukuthi sisasebenzisa ukhuni oluningi kunanoma iyiphi enye into ukuze senze izakhiwo zethu.”
Amandla nokuqina kwemvelo kwezinkuni
Izinkuni ziyinto eqinile ngokwemvelo, elula. Izihlahla zingabekezelela amandla amakhulu abangelwa umoya, isimo sezulu ngisho nezinhlekelele zemvelo. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba izinkuni zakhiwe ngamaseli amade, amancane aqinile. Umklamo ohlukile omude walezi zindonga zamaseli onikeza izinkuni amandla azo esakhiwo. Izindonga zamaseli zenziwe nge-cellulose, i-lignin kanye ne-hemicellulose. Uma ziguqulwa zibe imikhiqizo yezinkuni, la maseli ayaqhubeka nokuletha izixazululo zesakhiwo ezilula, ezisheshayo ezinamandla afana nezinye izinto zokwakha.
Ngenxa yalokho, naphezu kwesisindo sazo esilula, imikhiqizo yokhuni ingamelana namandla amakhulu—ikakhulukazi lapho amandla okucindezela nokucindezela esetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nohlamvu lwezinkuni. Isibonelo, isikwele esisodwa seDouglas-fir, esingu-10 cm x 10 cm, singasekela cishe ama-5,000 kg ekucindezelweni ngokuhambisana nohlamvu. Njengezinto zokwakha, ukhuni lusebenza kahle ngaphansi kokucindezeleka njengoba luyinto eqinile—ukuthi luzogoba kangakanani ngaphambi kokuguga noma ukwehluleka. Ukhuni lungcono ezakhiweni lapho ukucindezeleka kuhlala njalo futhi kujwayelekile, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuhle kwezakhiwo ezithwala imithwalo ephezulu isikhathi eside.
Isithombe sithathwe nguNik West
Izinkuni ezibunjiwe ziyisinqumo esihle sezinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphandle
Sekuphele iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi, ukhuni oluveziwe eBrentwood Town Centre Station lubukeka lusha cishe. Ukuze luhlale lusebenza kahle futhi lubukeka luhle, ithimba lisebenzise ukhuni olomisiwe noma oluklanywe ngomshini wokushisa ihhavini kuphela futhi laklama isakhiwo sesiteshi ngendlela yokuthi luvikele ukhuni ekugugulekeni nasekuphumeni kwamanzi.
Ukuphambuka, ukudonsa amanzi, ukomisa kanye nokuqina kwezakhiwo zokhuni
Izinkinga ezinjengokubola kanye nesikhunta zingagwenywa ngokuchaza kahle izakhiwo zokhuni ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuchayeka emanzini kanye nokubanjwa umswakama. Umswakama ungalawulwa, futhi ukubola kungagwenywa ezakhiweni zokhuni kusetshenziswa amasu amane avamile: ukuphambuka, ukukhipha amanzi, ukomisa kanye nezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside.
Ukuchezuka kanye nokuphuma kwamanzi kuyizindlela zokuqala zokuzivikela. Amadivayisi okuchezuka (njengokumbozwa kanye nokukhanya kwamafasitela) avimba iqhwa, imvula kanye neminye imithombo yomswakama ngaphandle kwesakhiwo futhi ayichezukisele kude nezindawo ezibucayi. Ukuchezuka kwamanzi kuqinisekisa ukuthi noma yikuphi ukungena kwamanzi kususwa ngaphandle kwesakhiwo ngokushesha okukhulu, njengomgodi wokukhipha amanzi ohlanganiswe ezindongeni ze-rainscreen.
Ukomisa kuhlobene nokungenisa umoya, ukuhamba komoya kanye nokuphefumula kwesakhiwo sokhuni. Izakhiwo zokhuni ezisebenza kahle zanamuhla zingafinyelela ukungabi nomoya okukhulu ngenkathi zihlala zingena. Kulesi simo, umswakama usakazeka ngaphandle kunciphisa ingozi yokuminyana nokukhula kwesikhunta ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ukusebenza kokushisa.
Ipaki Yama-Olympic yaseWhistler | Isithombe sithathwe ku: KK Law
Kungani izinkuni ziyindlela enhle yokukhetha izindawo ezinomswakama?
Ngomklamo ofanele, imikhiqizo eminingi yokhuni nezinhlobo zayo ziyamelana nomswakama ophezulu kanye namakhemikhali nezimo eziningi ezithinta kabi ezinye izinto, njengosawoti oqothulayo, ama-asidi ancibilikisiwe, amagesi ezimboni kanye nomoya wolwandle. Ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nalezi zici, ukhuni luvame ukufaneleka kahle ezakhiweni ezinamazinga aphezulu omswakama kanye nomswakama njengezindawo zasemanzini. Ukhuni luyi-hygroscopic—okusho ukuthi luzoshintshana njalo nomswakama nomoya ozungezile—okusiza ukulawula umswakama kanye nokulinganisela umswakama wangaphakathi. Izakhiwo zokhuni ezindaweni ezinomswakama, njengezindawo zasemanzini, zizomelana nokushwabana noma ukugoba ngenxa yomswakama.
Ukuqina kwemvelo nokumelana nokubola
Kanye nokuphambuka, ukukhipha amanzi kanye nokomisa, ukuqina kwemvelo kokhuni kuyindlela eyengeziwe yokuzivikela. Amahlathi aseBritish Columbia anikeza izinhlobo ezihlala isikhathi eside ngokwemvelo okuhlanganisa i-western red cedar, i-yellow cedar kanye ne-Douglas-fir. Lezi zinhlobo zinikeza amazinga ahlukahlukene okumelana nezinambuzane kanye nokubola esimweni sazo semvelo, ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu amakhemikhali e-organic abizwa ngokuthi ama-extractives. Ama-extractives angamakhemikhali atholakala ngokwemvelo afakwa e-heartwood yezinhlobo ezithile zezihlahla njengoba eguqula i-sapwood ibe yi-heartwood. Izinhlobo ezinjalo zifaneleka kahle ekusetshenzisweni kwangaphandle njengokuhlobisa, ukuhlobisa, uthango, uphahla kanye nokubiyela amafasitela—ngezinye izikhathi zisetshenziswa ngisho nasekwenzeni izikebhe kanye nokusetshenziswa olwandle ngenxa yokuqina kwazo kwemvelo.
Izakhiwo zokhuni zinikeza ukusebenza okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi ukusetshenziswa kwemininingwane ngokucophelela kuvame ukuqeda isidingo sokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali. Kwezinye izimo, lapho ukhuni luvezwa futhi luxhumana namanzi njalo—njengezitezi zangaphandle noma i-siding—noma lusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezivame ukutholakala yizinambuzane ezibopha ukhuni, kungadingeka izinyathelo ezengeziwe. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezilondolozi kanye nokwelashwa okunomfutho ophezulu ukuze kunikezwe ukumelana okwengeziwe nokubola. Ngokwandayo, abaklami baphendukela ezixazululweni zokuklama ezintsha kanye nokwelashwa kwemvelo okwengeziwe ngokhuni okunciphisa noma okuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezilondolozi zamakhemikhali.
I-Four Host First Nations Pavilion | Isithombe sithathwe ku: KK Law
Amalahle acwebezelayo ajulile anikeza ubuhle kanye ne-brawn
I-Wood Innovation and Design Centre, iphrojekthi yokubonisa izinkuni ezinde, imbozwe nge-western red cedar egugile futhi eshisiwe ngokwemvelo—indlela yokuvikela eyaqala eJapane ngekhulu le-18 ebizwa ngokuthi i-shou sugi ban. Njengoba ifunwa ngenxa yobuhle bayo obuyingqayizivele, le nqubo iyenza ibe mnyama ocwebezelayo ngenkathi iyenza ikwazi ukumelana nezinambuzane, umlilo kanye nesimo sezulu.
I-Wood Innovation and Design Center | Ikhredithi yesithombe: Imikhiqizo ye-Brudder
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-05-2025
