Izakhiwo zomthi zakhiwe ukuze zihlale ixesha elide
Ukususela kwizakhiwo zomthi ezineminyaka emininzi ubudala eziye zamelana novavanyo lwexesha elide ukuya kwiinqaba zanamhlanje ezinde zomthi eziphakama ngakumbi nangakumbi, izakhiwo zomthi ziqinile kwaye zihlala ixesha elide.
Izakhiwo zomthi zihlala ixesha elide
Umthi oqinileyo nohlala ixesha elide, uqinile kwaye unika inkonzo yamashumi eminyaka, kwaneenkulungwane. Sekunjalo, kukho iingcamango eziphosakeleyo zokuba izakhiwo ezenziwe ngezinto ezifana nekhonkrithi okanye intsimbi zihlala ixesha elide kunezakhiwo ezenziwe ngomthi. Njengakwezinye izinto zokwakha, uyilo olusebenzayo lolona lubalulekileyo.
Izakhiwo zamandulo zomthi zisekhona, kuquka iitempile zaseJapan zenkulungwane yesi-8, iicawa ze-stave zaseNorway zenkulungwane ye-11, kunye nezakhiwo ezininzi zexesha eliphakathi zaseNgilani naseYurophu. Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwazo ngokwenkcubeko, ezi zakhiwo zakudala zomthi zihlala zikho kuba zazakhiwe kakuhle, zakhiwe kwaye zigcinwa kakuhle.
Icawa yaseLom stave, eNorway | Umfanekiso: Arvid Høidahl
Into endala intsha kwakhona
Ngoyilo olufanelekileyo nokugcinwa kakuhle, izakhiwo zomthi zibonelela ngenkonzo ende neluncedo. Nangona ukuqina kuyinto ebalulekileyo, zidla ngokuba zezinye izinto, ezinje ngokukwazi ukuguquguquka nokuziqhelanisa nokusetyenziswa okutsha, ezilawula ubomi besakhiwo. Enyanisweni, olunye uphando alufumananga budlelwane bubalulekileyo phakathi kwenkqubo yolwakhiwo esetyenziswayo kunye nobomi bokwenyani besakhiwo. Ukuthengiswa kwepropathi, ukutshintsha kweemfuno zabahlali kunye nokutshintshwa kwendawo zihlala ziyimbangela yokuba isakhiwo sidilizwe. Njengezinto ezihlala ixesha elide, ezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona nezinokusetyenziswa kwakhona, umthi unokunciphisa inkunkuma kwaye uvumelane neemfuno ezitshintshayo.
Ifoto ngoncedo lweLeckie Studio Architecture + Design
Imithi ima njani ibe mide kangaka ingawi?
Umthi unamandla kangangokuba amandla omoya onamandla, kwiimeko ezininzi, awawuqhawuli umthi kunye namasebe awo. La mandla endalo abangelwa ziimpawu zomthi ezizalwa nazo. Umthi uguquguqukayo ngokwaneleyo ukuba ungaqhekeki, uqinile ngokwaneleyo ukuba ungaphuki, ulula ngokwaneleyo ukuba ungabhidliki phantsi kobunzima bawo. Njengoko omnye usosayensi ebhala, “akukho nto yenziweyo enokwenza zonke ezi zinto: iiplastiki aziqinile ngokwaneleyo; izitena zibuthathaka kakhulu; iglasi ibuthathaka kakhulu; intsimbi inzima kakhulu. Ubunzima xa buthelekiswa nobunzima, umthi mhlawumbi uneempawu zobunjineli ezilungileyo kakhulu kunezinye izinto, ngoko akumangalisi ukuba sisasebenzisa umthi omninzi kunayo nayiphi na enye into ukwenza izakhiwo zethu.”
Amandla endalo kaWood kunye nokuzinza
Umthi yinto eqinileyo ngokwendalo, ekhaphukhaphu. Imithi inokunyamezela amandla amakhulu abangelwa ngumoya, imozulu kwaneentlekele zemvelo. Oku kunokwenzeka kuba umthi wenziwe ngeeseli ezinde nezibhityileyo ezomeleleyo. Luyilo olukhethekileyo olude lwezi ndonga zeseli olunika umthi amandla awo okwakha. Iindonga zeseli zenziwe nge-cellulose, i-lignin kunye ne-hemicellulose. Xa ziguqulwa zibe ziimveliso zomthi, ezi seli ziyaqhubeka nokubonelela ngezisombululo zesakhiwo ezikhaphukhaphu, ezithambileyo ezinamandla afana nezinye izinto zokwakha.
Ngenxa yoko, nangona zilula, iimveliso zomthi zinokumelana namandla amakhulu—ingakumbi xa amandla oxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo esetyenziswa ngokuhambelana neenkozo zomthi. Umzekelo, isikwere esinye seDouglas-fir, esiyi-10 cm x 10 cm, sinokuxhasa phantse i-5,000 kg ekuxinezelweni ngokuhambelana neenkozo. Njengezinto zokwakha, umthi usebenza kakuhle phantsi koxinzelelo njengoko uyinto eqinileyo—ukuba uza kugoba kangakanani ngaphambi kokuba uguge okanye uphele. Umthi ungcono kwizakhiwo apho uxinzelelo luhlala luhleli kwaye luqhelekile, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ube lukhetho olufanelekileyo kwizakhiwo ezithwala imithwalo ephezulu ixesha elide.
Umfanekiso: Nik West
Umthi owenziwe ngobunjineli lukhetho olufanelekileyo kwizicelo zangaphandle
Ngaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi ubudala, umthi ovezwe kwiSitishi saseBrentwood Town Centre ubonakala umtsha kakhulu. Ukuze uhlale usebenza kwaye ubukeka umhle, iqela lisebenzise kuphela umthi owomileyo okanye owenziwe ngobunjineli kwi-oven kwaye layila isakhiwo sesitishi ngendlela yokuba sikhusele umthi kwimozulu ngokuphambuka nokuphuma kwamanzi.
Ukuphambuka, ukukhupha amanzi, ukomisa kunye nokuqina kwezakhiwo zomthi
Imiba efana nokubola kunye nokungunda ingaphetshwa ngokucwangcisa kakuhle izakhiwo zomthi ukuthintela ukuvezwa emanzini kunye nokuxinana komswakama. Ukufuma kungalawulwa, kwaye ukubola kungathintelwa kwizakhiwo zomthi kusetyenziswa amaqhinga amane aqhelekileyo: ukuphambuka, ukuhambisa amanzi, ukomisa kunye nezinto ezihlala ixesha elide.
Ukuphambuka kunye nokukhukula kwenkunkuma zezona ndlela zokuqala zokuzikhusela. Izixhobo zokuphambuka (ezifana nokugquma kunye nokukhanyiswa kweefestile) zithintela ikhephu, imvula kunye neminye imithombo yokufuma ngaphandle kwesakhiwo kwaye ziyikhuphele kude neendawo ezibalulekileyo. Ukukhukula kuqinisekisa ukuba nakuphi na ukungena kwamanzi kususwa ngaphandle kwesakhiwo ngokukhawuleza, njengomngxuma wokukhupha amanzi odityaniswe neendonga ze-rainscreen.
Ukomisa kunxulumene nokungenisa umoya, ukuhamba komoya kunye nokuphefumla kwesakhiwo somthi. Izakhiwo zomthi zanamhlanje ezisebenza kakuhle zinokufikelela ekungeneni komoya okukhulu ngelixa zihlala zingena. Kule meko, ukufuma kusasazwa ngaphandle kunciphisa umngcipheko wokufuma kunye nokukhula komngundo ngelixa kuphucula ukusebenza kobushushu.
Ipaki yeOlimpiki yaseWhistler | Umfanekiso othathwe yi: KK Law
Kutheni umthi ulukhetho olufanelekileyo kwiindawo ezinomswakama?
Ngoyilo olufanelekileyo, iimveliso ezininzi zomthi kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo ziyamelana nokufuma okuphezulu kunye neekhemikhali ezininzi kunye neemeko ezichaphazela kakubi ezinye izinto, ezifana neetyuwa ezirhabaxa, ii-asidi ezinyibilikisiweyo, iigesi zoshishino kunye nomoya wolwandle. Ngenxa yokuxhathisa kwazo kwezi zinto, umthi uhlala ufanelekile kwizakhiwo ezinamazinga aphezulu okufuma kunye nokufuma njengezixhobo zasemanzini. Umthi u-hygroscopic—oko kuthetha ukuba uya kutshintshiselana rhoqo nokufuma nomoya ojikelezileyo—okunceda ukulawula ukufuma kunye nokulinganisela ukufuma kwangaphakathi. Izakhiwo zomthi kwiindawo ezifumileyo, njengezixhobo zasemanzini, ziya kuxhathisa ukushwabana okanye ukugoba ngenxa yokufuma.
Ukuqina kwendalo kunye nokumelana nokubola
Kunye nokuphambuka, ukufunxa amanzi kunye nokomisa, ukuqina kwendalo komthi yindlela eyongezelelweyo yokuzikhusela. Amahlathi aseBritish Columbia anikezela ngeentlobo ezihlala ixesha elide ngokwendalo kuquka i-western red cedar, i-yellow cedar kunye ne-Douglas-fir. Ezi ntlobo zibonelela ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuxhathisa izinambuzane kunye nokubola kwimeko yazo yendalo, ngenxa yamanqanaba aphezulu eekhemikhali ze-organic ezibizwa ngokuba zi-extractives. I-extractives ziikhemikhali zendalo ezifakwa kwi-heartwood yeentlobo ezithile zemithi njengoko ziguqula i-sapwood ibe yi-heartwood. Ezi ntlobo zifanelekile kakhulu kwiindlela zangaphandle ezifana ne-siding, i-decking, i-fence, uphahla kunye ne-window framing—ngamanye amaxesha zisetyenziswa nakwizinto zokwenza iinqanawa kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwandle ngenxa yokuqina kwazo ngokwendalo.
Izakhiwo zomthi zibonelela ngokusebenza okuhlala ixesha elide kwaye ukusetyenziswa kweenkcukacha ezicokisekileyo kudla ngokuphelisa isidingo sonyango lweekhemikhali. Kwezinye iimeko, xa umthi uvezwa kwaye udibana rhoqo namanzi—njengeedekhi zangaphandle okanye i-siding—okanye usetyenziswa kwiindawo ezithandwa zizinambuzane ezibopha umthi, kunokufuneka amanyathelo ongezelelweyo. Oku kungabandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezigcini kunye nonyango oluphezulu ukuze kubonelelwe ngokuxhathisa ukubola. Ngokuya kusanda, abayili bajika baye kwizisombululo zoyilo ezintsha kunye nonyango lwendalo ngakumbi lomthi olunciphisa okanye oluthintela ukusetyenziswa kwezigcini zeekhemikhali.
I-Four Host First Nations Pavilion | Umfanekiso: KK Law
Ilahle elikhazimlayo elinzulu linika ubuhle kunye ne-brawn
IZiko lokuQamba nokuYila leMithi, iprojekthi yokubonisa imithi emide, igqunywe ngemisedare ebomvu yasentshona egudileyo netshisiweyo—indlela yokukhusela eyaqala eJapan ngenkulungwane ye-18 ebizwa ngokuba yi-shou sugi ban. Ifunwa ngenxa yobuhle bayo obukhethekileyo, le nkqubo iyenza ibe mnyama okhanyayo welahle ngelixa inika amandla okumelana nezinambuzane, umlilo kunye nemozulu.
I-Wood Innovation kunye neZiko loYilo | Ikhredithi yefoto: Iimveliso zeBrudder
Ixesha leposi: Epreli-05-2025
