Zvivako zvehuni zvinovakwa kuti zvigare
Kubva pazviuru zvemakore ezvivakwa zvemapuranga zvakamira kwenguva yakareba kusvika kushongwe dzemazuva ano dzakareba dzinokwira nekukwira, zvivakwa zvemapuranga zvakasimba uye zvinogara kwenguva refu.
Zvivako zvehuni zvinogara kwemazana emakore
Inogara yakasimba uye yakasimba, huni chinhu chakasimba chinopa makumi emakore, kunyange mazana emakore, ebasa. Zvakadaro mafungiro asiri iwo achiripo ekuti zvivakwa zvakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakaita sekongiri kana simbi zvinogara kwenguva refu kupfuura zvivakwa zvehuni. Sezvinoita chero zviumbwa zvese, dhizaini inoshanda ndiyo yakakosha.
Zvivakwa zvekare zvehuni zvinoramba zvakamira zvinosanganisira 8th century matembere eJapan, 11th century Norwegian stave churches, uye akawanda medieval post-and-beam zvimiro zveEngland neEurope. Kunze kwekukosha kwavo kwetsika, idzi zvivako zvekare zvehuni zvinotsungirira nokuti zvakanyatsogadzirwa, zvakavakwa uye zvakachengetwa.
Lom stave church, Norway | Mufananidzo wechikwereti: Arvid Høidahl
Chitsaru chitsva zvakare
Nekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa kwakakodzera, zvivako zvehuni zvinopa basa refu uye rinobatsira. Uye kunyangwe kusimba kuri chinhu chakakosha kufunga, kazhinji zvimwe zvinhu, sekugona kuchinjika uye kujairana nemashandisirwo matsva, izvo zvinoraira hupenyu hwechivako. Muchokwadi, imwe ongororo yakawana hapana hukama hunokosha pakati pehurongwa hwekugadzirisa hunoshandiswa uye hupenyu chaihwo hwechivako. Kutengeswa kwezvivakwa, kushandura zvinodiwa nevagari uye kudzoreredzwa kwenzvimbo kazhinji kazhinji chikonzero chekuputswa kwechivako. Sechinhu chakasimba, chinogona kushandiswa uye chinoshandiswa zvakare, huni hunogona kuderedza marara uye kuenderana nekuchinja zvinodiwa.
Mufananidzo nerubatsiro rweLeckie Studio Architecture + Dhizaini
Miti inomira sei kureba kudaro isingadonhe?
Muti wakasimba zvokuti simba guru remhepo ine simba, kazhinji, harina kubvuta hunde nematavi. Iri simba rechisikigo mugumisiro wezvakazvarwa zvehuni. Matanda anochinjika zvakakwana zvekuti haaputsike, akaomarara zvekuti haachatyoki, akareruka zvekuti haaputike pasi pehuremu hwawo. Sokunyora kunoita mumwe musayendisiti, “hapana zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvinogona kuita zvinhu zvose izvi: mapurasitiki haana kuoma zvakakwana; zvidhinha hazvina kusimba; girazi harina kusimba; simbi inorema zvikuru.
Wood simba rechisikigo uye kugadzikana
Huni chinhu chakasikwa chakasimba, chakareruka. Miti inogona kushivirira masimba makuru anokonzerwa nemhepo, mamiriro okunze uye kunyange njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga. Izvi zvinogoneka nokuti huni hunoumbwa nemasero marefu, matete akasimba. Ndiyo yakasarudzika yakarebesa dhizaini yeaya maseru madziro ayo anopa huni kusimba kwayo. Madziro emasero anogadzirwa ne cellulose, lignin uye hemicellulose. Kana ichishandurwa kuita zvigadzirwa zvehuni, maseru aya anoenderera mberi nekupa huremu, nimble zvigadziriso zvigadziriso zvine simba rinoenzaniswa nezvimwe zvekuvaka.
Nokudaro, pasinei nekureruka kwadzo, zvigadzirwa zvehuni zvinogona kumira nesimba rakawanda-kunyanya apo kumanikidzika uye kumanikidzika kwemasimba kunoiswa pamwe chete nehuni yehuni. Semuenzaniso, imwe Douglas-fir square, 10 cm x 10 cm, inogona kutsigira inoda kusvika 5,000 kg mukumanikidzana kunoenderana nezviyo. Sechinhu chekuvakisa, huni hunoita zvakanaka pasi pekunetsekana sechinhu chakaomarara — kuti inokotama kusvika papi isati yasakara kana kukundikana. Matanda ari nani kune zvimiro uko kushushikana kunogara uye nguva dzose, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo yakanaka kune zvivakwa zvinotakura mitoro yakakura kwenguva yakareba.
Mufananidzo wechikwereti: Nik West
Engineered huni isarudzo yakanaka yekunze kwekushandisa
Anopfuura makore gumi apfuura, huni hwakafumurwa muBrentwood Town Center Station inotaridzika kunge nyowani. Kuti irambe ichiita uye ichitaridzika zvakanaka, timu yaingoshandisa hovhoni yakaomeswa kana huni yakaomeswa uye yakagadzira chimiro chechiteshi nenzira yekusimbisa mamiriro ekunze-huni kuburikidza nekutsauka uye mvura.
Kutsauka, kudonha, kuomeswa uye kusimba kwezvivakwa zvehuni
Nyaya dzakadai sekuora uye mold dzinogona kudziviswa nekutsanangurwa kwakakodzera kwezvivakwa zvehuni kudzivirira kuratidzwa kwemvura uye kunyorova. Unyoro hunogona kudzorwa, uye kuora kunodziviswa muzvivakwa zvehuni uchishandisa nzira ina dzakajairika: kutsauswa, kudhiraivha, kuomesa uye kusimba zvinhu.
Deflection uye drainage ndiyo mitsetse yekutanga yekudzivirira. Midziyo yekumisikidza (sekuvharisa uye kupenya kwemahwindo) inobata sinou, mvura uye kumwe kunobva hunyoro kunze kwechivako uye kuibvisa kubva munzvimbo dzakaoma. Drainage inovimbisa chero kupinzwa kwemvura kunobviswa kune kunze kwechimiro nekukurumidza sezvinobvira, senge dhizaini yemvura yakabatanidzwa mumadziro emvura inonaya.
Kuomesa kune chekuita nemhepo, kubuda kwemhepo uye kufema kwechivako chehuni. Mazuva ano zvivakwa zvematanda zvinonyanya kuita zvinokwanisa kupinza mhepo zvakanyanya asi zvichiramba zvichipinda. Muchiitiko ichi, hunyoro hunoparadzirwa kune kunze, huchidzikisa njodzi yekudzikama uye kukura kwe mold uku uchiwedzera kushanda kwemafuta.
Whistler Olympic Park | Mufananidzo wechikwereti: KK Law
Sei huni iri sarudzo yakanaka yenzvimbo dzine hunyoro?
Nekugadzirwa kwakakodzera, zvigadzirwa zvehuni zvakawanda uye zvipenyu zvinopokana nekunyorova kwepamusoro uye kune akawanda emakemikari nemamiriro ezvinhu anokanganisa zvimwe zvinhu, senge corrosive salts, dilute acids, magasi emaindasitiri nemhepo yegungwa. Nekuda kwekupokana kwayo nezvinhu izvi, huni hunowanzo nyatsokodzera zvivakwa zvine hunyoro hwepamusoro uye hunyoro hwakadai sezvivakwa zvemumvura. Wood is hygroscopic-zvinoreva kuti inogara ichichinjana hunyoro nemhepo yakatenderedza-inobatsira kudzora unyoro uye kudzikamisa hunyoro hwemukati. Zvivako zvehuni munzvimbo dzine hunyoro, senge zvivakwa zvemumvura, zvinoramba kupera kana kuputika nekuda kwekunyorova.
Kugara kwechisikigo uye kuramba kuora
Pamwe chete nekutsauka, kudonha uye kuomesa, kusimba kwehuni kwechisikigo ndiyo imwe nzira yekudzivirira. Masango eBritish Columbia anopa zvipenyu zvinogara zvakagara zvinosanganisira kumadokero kwemisidhari tsvuku, misidhari yero uye Douglas-fir. Zvisikwa izvi zvinopa madhigirii akasiyana-siyana ekupikisa zvipembenene uye kuora mumamiriro avo echisikigo, nekuda kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemakemikari anonzi extractives. Zvinyorwa zvinowanzoitika makemikari anoiswa mukati memwoyo yemamwe marudzi emiti sezvavanoshandura sapwood kuva heartwood. Mhando dzakadaro dzakanyatsokodzera kushandiswa kwekunze senge siding, decking, fencing, matenga uye mahwindo emadziro-dzimwe nguva anotoshandiswa mukugadzira zvikepe uye kushandiswa kwemugungwa nekuda kwekusimba kwavo kwechisikigo.
Zvimiro zvehuni zvinopa kushanda kwenguva refu uye kushandiswa kwekunyatsotsanangura kunowanzobvisa kudiwa kwemishonga yemakemikari. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kana huni huri pachena uye nguva dzose inosangana nemvura-yakadai sekunze kwekunze kana kuti siding-kana kushandiswa munzvimbo dzinowanzoita zvipembenene zvehuni, mamwe matanho angadiwa. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kushandiswa kwezvidziviriro uye kurapa kwepamusoro-soro kuti upe humwe hutachiona hwekuora. Zvichiwedzera, vagadziri vari kutendeukira kune dhizaini mhinduro uye mamwe marapirwo echisikigo ehuni anoderedza kana kumisa kushandiswa kwemakemikari anochengetedza.
Mana Host First Nations Pavilion | Mufananidzo wechikwereti: KK Law
Marasha akadzika anopenya anopa runako uye brawn
Wood Innovation and Design Center, chirongwa chekuratidzira chehuni chakareba, chakapfekedzwa nemisidhari mitsvuku yekumavirira isingachinjiki uye yakatsva—nzira yekudzivirira yakatanga kuJapan muzana remakore rechi18 inonzi shou sugi ban. Inotsvakwa nekuda kwerunako rwayo rwakasiyana, maitiro anoita kuti ive yakadzika marasha anopenya matema uku ichiwedzera kusimba kune tumbuyu, moto uye mamiriro ekunze.
Wood Innovation uye Dhizaini Center | Mufananidzo wechikwereti: Brudder zvigadzirwa
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-05-2025
