Izakhiwo zokhuni zakhiwe ukuze zihlale
Ukususela kwizakhiwo zamaplanga ezineminyaka engamawaka ubudala eziye zamelana novavanyo lwexesha ukuya kutsho kumaplanga amade anamhlanje anyuka ngokuphakama, izakhiwo zomthi zomelele kwaye zomelele.
Izakhiwo zokhuni zihlala kangangeenkulungwane
Ihlala iqinile kwaye yomelele, ukhuni luyinto eyomelelayo enika amashumi eminyaka, kunye neenkulungwane, zenkonzo. Nangona kunjalo imibono ephosakeleyo isekhona yokuba izakhiwo ezenziwe ngezinto ezifana nekhonkrithi okanye intsimbi zihlala ixesha elide kunezakhiwo ezenziwe ngamaplanga. Njengayo nayiphi na imathiriyeli yolwakhiwo, uyilo olusebenzayo yeyona nto ibalulekileyo.
Izakhiwo zamaplanga zamandulo ziyaqhubeka nokuma kuquka iitempile zaseJapan zenkulungwane yesi-8, iicawe zenkulungwane ye-11 zaseNorway, kunye nezakhiwo ezininzi zangemva kunye nezakhelo zaseNgilani naseYurophu. Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwazo ngokwenkcubeko, ezi zakhiwo zokhuni zidala zinyamezele ngenxa yokuba ziyilwe kakuhle, zakhiwe kwaye zagcinwa.
Icawa yaseLom, eNorway | Ikhredithi yesithombe: Arvid Høidahl
Into endala entsha kwakhona
Ngokuyila kunye nokugcinwa okufanelekileyo, izakhiwo zokhuni zibonelela ngenkonzo ende kunye neluncedo. Kwaye ngelixa ukuqina kuyingqwalasela ebalulekileyo, kudla ngokuba zezinye izinto, ezifana nokukwazi ukuguquguquka kunye nokuziqhelanisa nosetyenziso olutsha, eziyalela ubomi besakhiwo. Enyanisweni, olunye uphando alufumananga ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo phakathi kwenkqubo yesakhiwo esetyenzisiweyo kunye nobomi bokwenyani besakhiwo. Ukuthengiswa kwepropathi, ukutshintsha iimfuno zabahlali kunye nokutshintshwa kwendlela yokusetyenziswa komhlaba kudla ngokuba sisizathu sokudilizwa kwesakhiwo. Njengezinto ezihlala ixesha elide, ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwaye ziphinde zisebenze, iinkuni zinokunciphisa inkunkuma kwaye zilungelelanise iimfuno zokutshintsha.
Ifoto ngoncedo lweLeckie Studio Architecture + Design
Yema njani imithi ibe mide kangaka ingawi?
Umthi unamandla kangangokuba amandla amakhulu omoya onamandla, kwiimeko ezininzi, awusinqumli isiqu kunye namasebe. La mandla endalo yisiphumo sempahla yokuzalwa yomthi. Ukhuni lubhetyebhetye ngokwaneleyo ukuba aluyi kuqhekeka, luqinile ngokwaneleyo ukuba alunakwaphuka, lulula ngokwaneleyo ukuba aluyi kugquma phantsi kobunzima balo. Kunjengokuba esinye isazinzulu sibhala, “akukho nto yenziweyo inokwenza zonke ezi zinto: iiplastiki aziqini ngokwaneleyo; izitena zibuthathaka kakhulu; iglasi inkukuma kakhulu; intsimbi inzima kakhulu.
Amandla endalo kaWood kunye nokuzinza
Ukhuni luqilima ngokwendalo, lukhaphukhaphu. Imithi iyakwazi ukunyamezela amandla amakhulu abangelwa ngumoya, imozulu kunye neentlekele zemvelo. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba amaplanga enziwe ngeeseli ezinde, ezibhityileyo ezomeleleyo. Luyilo olukhethekileyo lolwandiso lwezi ndonga zeeseli olunika umthi ukuqina kwawo. Iindonga zeseli zenziwe nge-cellulose, i-lignin kunye ne-hemicellulose. Xa ziguqulelwa kwiimveliso zokhuni, ezi seli ziyaqhubeka nokuhambisa izisombululo ezikhaphukhaphu, ezinobunzima obunamandla anokuthelekiswa nezinye izinto zokwakha.
Ngenxa yoko, phezu kwazo nje ubunzima bazo obukhaphukhaphu, iimveliso zokhuni ziyakwazi ukumelana namandla amakhulu—ingakumbi xa ukucinezelwa nokuxinana kusenziwa ngaxeshanye nokhozo lomthi. Umzekelo, isikwere esinye seDouglas-fir, i-10 cm x 10 cm, inokuxhasa phantse i-5,000 kg ngokucinezela ngokuhambelana neenkozo. Njengesixhobo sokwakha, ukhuni lusebenza kakuhle phantsi koxinzelelo njengoko luyinto eqinile-ikude kangakanani ukugoba ngaphambi kokuguga okanye ukusilela. Ukhuni lungcono kwizakhiwo apho uxinzelelo luhlala luhlala kwaye luqhelekileyo, okwenza kube lukhetho olufanelekileyo lwezakhiwo ezithwala imithwalo ephezulu ixesha elide.
Ikhredithi yefoto: Nik West
Umthi owenziwe ngobunjineli lukhetho olufanelekileyo kwizicelo zangaphandle
Ngaphezu kweshumi leminyaka ubudala, iinkuni eziveziweyo kwiSikhululo seZiko leDolophu yaseBrentwood zikhangeleka zintsha. Ukuyigcina iqhuba kwaye ikhangeleka intle iqela lasebenzisa kuphela i-onti eyomisiweyo okanye eyenziwe ngamaplanga enziwe ngobunjineli kwaye iyilwe isakhiwo sesikhululo ngendlela yobungqina bemozulu yokhuni ngokuphambuka kunye nokukhupha amanzi.
Ukuphambuka, ukukhupha amanzi, ukomisa kunye nokuqina kwezakhiwo zokhuni
Imiba efana nokubola kunye nokungunda inokuphetshwa ngokuchazwa ngokufanelekileyo kwezakhiwo zokhuni ukuthintela ukuvezwa kwamanzi kunye nokufuma. Ukufuma kunokulawulwa, kwaye kuthintelwe ukubola kwizakhiwo zamaplanga kusetyenziswa iindlela ezine eziqhelekileyo: ukuphambuka, ukukhupha amanzi, ukomisa kunye nezinto ezihlala ixesha elide .
Ukuphambuka kunye nokukhupha amanzi yimizila yokuqala yokukhusela. Izixhobo eziphambukayo (ezifana ne-cladding kunye nokukhanya kweefestile) zithintela ikhephu, imvula kunye neminye imithombo yokufuma kwisakhiwo sangaphandle kwaye sisiphambukise kude neendawo ezibalulekileyo. Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kuqinisekisa ukuba nakuphi na ukungena kwamanzi kususwa kumphandle wesakhiwo ngokukhawuleza, njengendawo yokuhambisa amanzi ehlanganiswe kwiindonga zemvula.
Ukomisa kunxulumene nokukhupha umoya, ukuhamba komoya kunye nokuphefumla kwesakhiwo somthi. Izakhiwo zanamhlanje zamaplanga ezikumgangatho ophezulu zinokufikelela ekungeneni komoya okubalulekileyo ngelixa zihlala zingena. Kule meko, ukufuma kusasazwa ngaphandle kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuxinana kunye nokukhula kokungunda ngelixa uphucula ukusebenza kwe-thermal.
Whistler Olympic Park | Ifoto ngetyala: KK Law
Kutheni le nto inkuni ilukhetho olufanelekileyo kwiindawo ezifumileyo?
Ngoyilo olufanelekileyo, iimveliso zokhuni ezininzi kunye neentlobo zixhathisa ukufuma okuphezulu kunye neekhemikhali ezininzi kunye neemeko ezichaphazela kakubi ezinye izinto, ezifana neetyuwa ezinobungozi, i-acids dilute, iigesi zemizi-mveliso kunye nomoya wolwandle. Ngenxa yokuxhathisa kwezi zinto, iinkuni zihlala zifaneleka kakuhle kwizakhiwo ezinamaqondo aphezulu okufuma kunye nokufuma okufana nezixhobo zasemanzini. Imithi i-hygroscopic-oko kuthetha ukuba iya kuhlala itshintshisa umswakama kunye nomoya ojikelezayo-ukunceda ukulawula ukufuma kunye nokulinganisela ukufuma kwangaphakathi. Izakhiwo zokhuni kwiindawo ezifumileyo, ezifana nezixhobo zasemanzini, ziya kuxhathisa ukucutheka okanye ukujija ngenxa yokufuma.
Ukuqina kwendalo kunye nokuchasana nokubola
Kanye kunye nokuphambuka, ukukhupha amanzi kunye nokomisa, ukuqina kwendalo yokhuni yindlela eyongezelelweyo yokukhusela. Amahlathi aseBritish Columbia abonelela ngeentlobo ezizinzileyo ngokwendalo ezibandakanya imisedare ebomvu yasentshona, imisedare etyheli kunye neDouglas-fir. Ezi ntlobo zibonelela ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo okumelana nezinambuzane kunye nokubola kwimeko yazo yendalo, ngenxa yamanqanaba aphezulu eekhemikhali eziphilayo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-extractives. Izinto ezikhutshwayo ziikhemikhali ezenzeke ngokwemvelo ezifakwe kwintliziyo yeentlobo zemithi ethile njengoko ziguqula i-sapwood ibe yi-heartwood. Ezo ntlobo zikulungele kakuhle ukusetyenziswa kwangaphandle okunje ngecala, ukuhombisa, ukubiyela, uphahla kunye nefreyim yeefestile-ngamanye amaxesha zide zisetyenziswe ekwenzeni izikhephe kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwandle ngenxa yokuqina kwazo kwendalo.
Izakhiwo zokhuni zibonelela ngokusebenza okuhlala ixesha elide kwaye ukusetyenziswa kweenkcukacha ngononophelo kuhlala kuphelisa imfuno yonyango lwemichiza. Kwezinye iimeko, xa ukhuni lubonakaliswe kwaye luhlala ludibana namanzi-njengokuhombisa kwangaphandle okanye ukujikeleza-okanye kusetyenziswe kwimimandla ejongene nezinambuzane ezikhuniweyo, amanyathelo ongezelelweyo anokufuneka. Oku kunokubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezithinteli kunye nonyango loxinzelelo oluphezulu ukunika ukuxhathisa okungaphezulu kokubola. Ngokunyukayo, abaqulunqi baphendukela kwizisombululo zoyilo oluyilayo kunye nonyango lwendalo oluthe kratya lwemithi olunciphisa okanye luthintele ukusetyenziswa kwezithinteli zemichiza.
IPavilion eZine zokuQalwa kweZizwe eziManyeneyo | Ifoto ngetyala: KK Law
Amalahle anzulu akhazimlayo anika ubuhle kunye nebrawn
IWood Innovation and Design Centre, iprojekthi yokubonisa ngamaplanga amade, ihonjiswe ngomsedare obomvu ngokwemvelo otshiswe ngokwendalo—ubuchule bokukhusela obaqalwa eJapan ngenkulungwane ye-18 obubizwa ngokuba yishou sugi ban. Ifunwa kakhulu ngenxa yobuhle bayo obukhethekileyo, inkqubo iyenza ibe namalahle akhazimlayo amnyama ngelixa isinika ukomelela kwizinambuzane, umlilo kunye nemozulu.
I-Wood Innovation kunye neZiko loYilo | Ikhredithi yefoto: Iimveliso zeBrudder
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-05-2025
