Izakhiwo zokhuni zakhiwe ukuze zihlale
Kusukela ezakhiweni zamapulangwe ezinezinkulungwane zeminyaka eziye zamelana nesikhathi kuye emibhoshongweni yesimanje yamapulangwe emide ephakama ngokuqhubekayo, izakhiwo zokhuni ziqinile futhi zihlala isikhathi eside.
Izakhiwo zokhuni zihlala amakhulu eminyaka
Ihlala isikhathi eside futhi iqinile, ukhuni luyinto eqinile enikeza amashumi eminyaka, ngisho namakhulu eminyaka, yenkonzo. Nokho isekhona imibono eyiphutha yokuthi izakhiwo ezenziwe ngezinto ezifana nokhonkolo noma insimbi zihlala isikhathi eside kunezakhiwo ezenziwe ngokhuni. Njenganoma iyiphi impahla yesakhiwo, umklamo ophumelelayo yiwo obalulekile.
Izakhiwo zokhuni zasendulo ziyaqhubeka nokuma okuhlanganisa amathempeli aseJapane ekhulu lesi-8, amasonto e-Norwegian stave yekhulu le-11, kanye nezakhiwo eziningi zangenkathi ephakathi ye-post-and-beam yaseNgilandi naseYurophu. Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwazo kwamasiko, lezi zakhiwo zokhuni ezindala zihlala ngoba zaziklanywe kahle, zakhiwe futhi zinakekelwa.
Lom stave church, Norway | Ikhredithi yesithombe: Arvid Høidahl
Okudala kusha futhi
Ngokuklama nokugcinwa okufanele, izakhiwo zezinkuni zinikeza isevisi ende futhi ewusizo. Futhi nakuba ukuqina kuwukucatshangelwa okubalulekile, ngokuvamile kuba ezinye izici, ezifana nekhono lokuguquguquka nokuzivumelanisa nokusetshenziswa okusha, okunquma ubude bempilo besakhiwo. Eqinisweni, ucwaningo olulodwa alutholanga ubuhlobo obubalulekile phakathi kwesistimu yesakhiwo esetshenzisiwe kanye nempilo yangempela yesakhiwo. Ukuthengiswa kwezakhiwo, ukushintsha izidingo zabahlali kanye nokuklanywa kabusha kwezindawo kuyimbangela yokudilizwa kwebhilidi. Njengempahla ehlala isikhathi eside, esebenzisekayo futhi egaywa kabusha, izinkuni zinganciphisa ukungcola futhi zivumelane nezidingo eziguqukayo.
Isithombe sihlonishwa yi-Leckie Studio Architecture + Design
Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba izihlahla zima zinde kangaka zingawi?
Isihlahla sinamandla kangangokuthi amandla amakhulu omoya omkhulu, ezimweni eziningi, awasiphuli isiqu namagatsha awo. Lawa mandla emvelo awumphumela wezinto ezizalwa nazo zokhuni. Ukhuni luguquguquka ngokwanele ukuthi ngeke luphahlazeke, luqinile kangangokuthi ngeke luphuke, lukhanya ngokwanele ukuthi ngeke lubhoboze ngaphansi kwesisindo salo. Njengoba omunye usosayensi ebhala, “ayikho into ekhiqiziwe engenza zonke lezi zinto: ipulasitiki ayiqinile ngokwanele; izitini zibuthakathaka kakhulu; ingilazi ishwabene kakhulu; insimbi isinda kakhulu. Isisindo sesisindo, ukhuni cishe lunezici zobunjiniyela ezingcono kakhulu zanoma iyiphi into, ngakho akumangalisi ukuthi sisasebenzisa ukhuni oluningi ukwedlula noma iyiphi enye into ukuze sizakhele izakhiwo zethu.”
Amandla emvelo kaWood nokuzinza
Ukhuni luyinto eqinile ngokwemvelo, engasindi. Izihlahla zingakwazi ukubekezelela amandla amakhulu abangelwa umoya, isimo sezulu kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba ukhuni lwakhiwe amangqamuzana amade, azacile aqinile. Idizayini enwetshiwe eyingqayizivele yalezi zindonga zamangqamuzana enikeza izinkuni ukuqina kwazo kwesakhiwo. Izindonga zamaseli zenziwe nge-cellulose, i-lignin ne-hemicellulose. Lapho eguqulelwa emikhiqizweni yokhuni, la maseli ayaqhubeka nokuletha izixazululo zesakhiwo ezingasindi, ezithambile ezinamandla aqathaniswa nezinye izinto zokwakha.
Ngenxa yalokho, naphezu kwesisindo sazo esilula, imikhiqizo yokhuni ingamelana namandla amakhulu—ikakhulukazi lapho amandla okucindezela nokushuba esetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nokusanhlamvu kokhuni. Isibonelo, isikwele esisodwa se-Douglas-fir, 10 cm x 10 cm, singasekela cishe u-5,000 kg ekucindezelweni okuhambisana nokusanhlamvu. Njengempahla yokwakha, ukhuni lusebenza kahle ngaphansi kokucindezeleka njengoba luyimpahla eqinile—ikude kangakanani ukugoba ngaphambi kokuguga noma ukwehluleka. Izinkuni zingcono kakhulu ezakhiweni lapho ukucindezeleka kuhlala khona njalo njalo, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuhle kwezakhiwo ezithwala imithwalo ephezulu isikhathi eside.
Ikhredithi yesithombe: Nik West
Izinkuni ezenziwe ngobunjiniyela ziyisinqumo esihle sezinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphandle
Ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi ubudala, ukhuni oluveziwe esiteshini saseBrentwood Town Centre lubukeka lusha. Ukuze siqhubeke sisebenza futhi sibukeka sisihle, ithimba lisebenzisa kuphela ukhuni omisiwe omisiwe noma oluklanywe ngonjiniyela futhi laklama isakhiwo sesiteshi ngendlela yokuvikela isimo sezulu ukhuni ngokuphambuka nokukhipha amanzi.
Ukuchezuka, ukugeleza kwamanzi, ukoma nokuqina kwezakhiwo zokhuni
Izinkinga ezinjengokubola kanye nesikhunta zingagwenywa ngemininingwane efanele yezakhiwo zokhuni ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuchayeka emanzini kanye nomswakama. Umswakama ungalawuleka, futhi ukubola kugwenywe ezakhiweni zokhuni kusetshenziswa amasu amane avamile: ukuchezuka, ukukhipha amanzi, ukomisa nezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside .
Ukuchezuka nokukhipha amanzi kuyimigqa yokuqala yokuzivikela. Imishini ephambukayo (efana nokuvala nokucwayiza kwamafasitela) ibamba iqhwa, imvula neminye imithombo yomswakama ngaphandle kwesakhiwo futhi iwususe ezindaweni ezibucayi. Ukukhipha amanzi kuqinisekisa ukuthi noma yikuphi ukungena kwamanzi kukhishwa ngaphandle kwesakhiwo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, njengendawo yokukhipha amanzi ehlanganiswe ezindongeni zesikrini semvula.
Ukomisa kuhlobene nokukhipha umoya, ukugeleza komoya kanye nokuphefumula kwesakhiwo sokhuni. Izakhiwo zamapulangwe zanamuhla ezisebenza kahle zingafinyelela umoya obalulekile ongangenisi ngenkathi zihlale zikwazi ukungena. Kulesi simo, umswakama usakazwa ngaphandle kunciphisa ubungozi bokufingqa nokukhula kwesikhunta kuyilapho kuthuthukisa ukusebenza okushisayo.
I-Whistler Olympic Park | Ikhredithi yesithombe: KK Law
Kungani ukhuni luyisinqumo esihle ezindaweni ezinomswakama?
Ngokuklama okufanele, imikhiqizo eminingi yezinkuni kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane zimelana nomswakama ophezulu kanye namakhemikhali amaningi nezimo ezithinta kabi ezinye izinto, njengosawoti odlayo, ama-asidi acwebileyo, amagesi ezimboni nomoya wasolwandle. Ngenxa yokumelana nalezi zici, izinkuni zivame ukufanelana kahle nezakhiwo ezinamazinga aphezulu omswakama kanye nomswakama njengezindawo zasemanzini. Izinkuni ziyi-hygroscopic-okusho ukuthi zizohlala zishintshanisa umswakama nomoya ozungezile-okusiza ukulawula umswakama nokulinganisela umswakama wasendlini. Izakhiwo zokhuni ezindaweni ezinomswakama, njengezindawo zasemanzini, zizomelana nokuncipha noma ukungqubuzana ngenxa yomswakama.
Ukuqina kwemvelo nokumelana nokubola
Kanye nokuchezuka, ukugeleza kwamanzi nokomisa, ukuqina kwemvelo kokhuni kuwumugqa owengeziwe wokuzivikela. Amahlathi aseBritish Columbia ahlinzeka ngezinhlobo ezihlala isikhathi eside ngokwemvelo ezihlanganisa umsedari obomvu osentshonalanga, umsedari ophuzi kanye noDouglas-fir. Lezi zinhlobo zinikeza amazinga ahlukene okumelana nezinambuzane kanye nokubola esimweni sazo semvelo, ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu amakhemikhali emvelo abizwa ngokuthi ama-extractive. Izinto ezikhishwayo zingamakhemikhali enziwe ngokwemvelo afakwa ku-heartwood yezinhlobo ezithile zezihlahla njengoba eguqula i-sapwood ibe yi-heartwood. Izinhlobo ezinjalo zifaneleka kahle ukusetshenziswa kwangaphandle okufana nokuseceleni, ukuphahla, ukubiyela, uphahla nokufaka amafasitela—ngezinye izikhathi kuze kusetshenziswe ekwenzeni izikebhe nasekusetshenzisweni kolwandle ngenxa yokuqina kwazo kwemvelo.
Izakhiwo zokhuni zinikeza ukusebenza okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi ukusetshenziswa kwemininingwane ngokucophelela kuvame ukuqeda isidingo sokwelashwa kwamakhemikhali. Kwezinye izimo, lapho ukhuni luvezwa obala futhi luhlala luthintana namanzi—njengokuhlobisa kwangaphandle noma ukuseceleni—noma lusetshenziswa ezifundeni ezivame ukuba nezinambuzane ezibhoboza izinkuni, kungase kudingeke izinyathelo ezengeziwe. Lokhu kungabandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezivimbelakuvunda kanye nokwelashwa komfutho ophezulu ukuze kunikeze ukumelana okwengeziwe nokubola. Ngokukhula, abaklami baphendukela ezixazululweni zokuklama ezintsha kanye nokwelashwa kwemvelo okwengeziwe ngokhuni okunciphisa noma okuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezilondolozi zamakhemikhali.
I-Four Host First Nations Pavilion | Ikhredithi yesithombe: KK Law
Amalahle acwebezelayo ajulile anikeza ubuhle kanye nebrawn
I-Wood Innovation and Design Centre, iphrojekthi yokubonisa ngokhuni olude, igqoke umsedari obomvu wasentshonalanga oshiswe ngokwemvelo—indlela yokuzivikela eyaqala eJapane ekhulwini le-18 ebizwa ngokuthi i-shou sugi ban. Ifunwa ngobuhle bayo obuyingqayizivele, le nqubo iyenza ibe namalahle acwebezelayo amnyama kuyilapho inikeza amandla okumelana nezinambuzane, umlilo kanye nesimo sezulu.
I-Wood Innovation and Design Center | Ikhredithi yesithombe: Imikhiqizo ye-Brudder
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-05-2025
