Kupu Whakataki

Kei te piki haere te mōhio o ngā umanga me ngā kāwanatanga ki te hiahia nui ki te aro atu ki te huringa āhuarangi me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi (GHG). He kaitākaro matua te Kotahitanga o Ūropi (EU) i roto i ngā mahi whakaiti tukunga o te ao, e whakatinana ana i ngā kaupapa here me ngā ture hei whakahaere i te whakawhiti ki tētahi ōhanga iti-waro. Ko tētahi o ngā ture hou ko te Tikanga Whakatikatika Rohe Waro (CBAM).

He taahiraa nui te tono CBAM ki te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga āhuarangi a te EU, tae atu ki te whakaiti i ngā tukunga GHG mā te 55% pea i te tau 2030. I whakaurua mai e te Komihana o Ūropi i te marama o Hūrae 2021, ā, i tīmata te whai mana i te marama o Mei 2023. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e mātou ngā āhuatanga matua o te CBAM, me pēhea tana mahi, me tōna pānga pea ki ngā pakihi me te hokohoko.

He aha ngā whāinga o te CBAM?

I hangaia te CBAM hei whakatika i te take o te turuturu waro, arā, ko te wā e nekehia ai ngā mahi a ngā kamupene ki ngā whenua he ngoikore ngā ture taiao hei karo i te utu o te ū ki ngā kaupapa here āhuarangi o tō rātou whenua ake. Mā te neke i te whakaputanga ki ngā whenua he iti ake ngā paerewa āhuarangi ka piki ake ngā tukunga GHG o te ao. Ka waiho hoki e te turuturu waro ngā ahumahi o te EU me ū ki ngā kaupapa here āhuarangi ki te koretake.

Ko te whāinga a te EU he ārai i te turuturu waro mā te utu i ngā kaikawe mai mō ngā tukunga e pā ana ki te whakaputanga o ngā taonga e kawemai ana ki te EU. Mā tēnei ka akiaki i ngā kamupene i waho o te EU ki te whakaiti i ā rātou tukunga waro me te neke ki tētahi ōhanga iti-waro. Me utu e ngā kamupene ā rātou tapuwae waro ahakoa kei hea ā rātou mahi. Mā tēnei ka whakataurite i te papa tākaro mō ngā ahumahi o te EU me whai i ngā kaupapa here āhuarangi pakari a te EU, ā, ka ārai i a rātou kei whakaitihia e ngā kawemai i hangaia i ngā whenua he iti ake ngā paerewa taiao.

Ehara i te mea ko tēnei anake, engari ka waihangahia e te CBAM tētahi atu puna moni whiwhi mō te EU, ka taea te whakamahi hei putea i ngā mahi āhuarangi me te tautoko i te whakawhiti ki tētahi ōhanga matomato. Mai i te tau 2026 ki te 2030, e matapaetia ana ka puta mai i te CBAM ngā moni whiwhi e tata ana ki te €1 piriona ia tau i te toharite, mō te tahua a te EU.

CBAM: Me pēhea te mahi?

Ka hiahiatia e te CBAM kia utua e ngā kaikawe mai ngā tukunga waro e pā ana ki te hanga o ngā taonga e kawemai ana ki te EU, mā te whakamahi i te tikanga kotahi e whakamahia ana ki ngā kaihanga o te EU i raro i te Pūnaha Hokohoko Tukunga a te EU (ETS). Ka mahi te CBAM mā te tono kia hokona e ngā kaikawe mai ngā tiwhikete hiko hei utu i ngā tukunga e pā ana ki te hanga o ngā taonga kawemai. Ko te utu o ēnei tiwhikete ka ahu mai i te utu waro i raro i te ETS.

Ka rite te tikanga utu mō te CBAM ki tā te ETS, me te wā whakauru ā-wāhanga me te pikinga ā-wāhanga o te kapinga o ngā hua. Ka whakamahia tuatahitia te CBAM ki ngā kawemai o ngā taonga he nui te waro, ā, ko te mea tino nui te mōrearea o te turuturu waro: te sima, te rino me te maitai, te konumohe, ngā maniua, te hiko, me te hauwai. Ko te whāinga mō te wā roa ko te whakawhānui ā-wāhanga i te whānuitanga o te CBAM kia kapi i te whānuitanga o ngā rāngai. I tīmata te wā whakawhiti CBAM i te 1 o Oketopa 2023, ā, ka haere tonu tae noa ki te 1 o Hānuere 2026, ina whai mana te pūnaha tuturu. I roto i tēnei wā, ko ngā kawemai o ngā taonga kei roto i te whānuitanga o ngā ture hou me ripoata noa i ngā tukunga GHG kei roto i ā rātou kawemai (ngā tukunga tika me ngā tukunga ā-wāhanga), me te kore e utu moni, e whakarerekē rānei. Mā te whakaurunga ā-wāhanga ka hoatu he wā ki ngā kawemai me ngā kaweake ki te urutau ki te pūnaha hou, me te whakarite kia maeneene te whakawhiti ki te ōhanga iti-waro.

Mō te wā roa, ka kapi te CBAM i ngā taonga katoa e kawemai ana ki te EU e pāngia ana e te ETS. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ko ngā hua katoa e tuku ana i ngā GHG i roto i tana tukanga whakaputa ka kapihia, ahakoa nō hea tōna whenua taketake. Ka whakarite hoki te CBAM kia utua e ngā kaikawemai ngā tukunga waro e pā ana ki te whakaputanga o ngā taonga kawemai, ka waihanga i tētahi hihiri mō ngā kamupene ki te whakaiti i ō rātou tapuwae waro me te neke ki tētahi ōhanga iti-waro.

Heoi anō, kei reira ētahi tūāpapa ki te CBAM. Hei tauira, ko ngā kawemai mai i ngā whenua kua whakatinana i ngā tikanga utu waro ōrite ka kore e whakaaetia kia uru ki te CBAM. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā kawemai me ngā kaweake iti e taka ana ki raro i tētahi paepae ka kore hoki e whakaaetia kia uru ki te CBAM.

He aha ngā pānga ka pā mai pea ki te CBAM?

E matapaetia ana ka pā nui te tono a te CBAM ki te utu waro me te hokohoko tukunga i roto i te EU. Mā te tono i ngā kaihoko mai ki te hoko tiwhikete waro hei utu i ngā tukunga e pā ana ki te hanga o ngā taonga kawemai, ka hangaia e te CBAM he tono hou mō ngā tiwhikete waro, ā, ka piki ake pea te utu o te waro i roto i te ETS. I tēnei whakaaro, e matapaetia ana ka whai wāhi te CBAM ki te whakaiti i ngā tukunga GHG me te whakaiti i ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi. Heoi, ko te pānga o te CBAM ki te taiao ka whakawhirinaki ki te utu o te waro me te kapinga o ngā hua.

Kāore anō kia mārama te pānga o te CBAM ki ngā whakaaetanga hokohoko o te ao me te āhuarangi. Kua whakapuaki ētahi whenua i ō rātou āwangawanga kei takahia e te CBAM ngā mātāpono o te World Trade Organisation (WTO). Heoi, kua kī te EU kei te tino tutuki te CBAM i ngā ture a te WTO, ā, kei te rite ki ngā mātāpono o te whakataetae tika me te tiaki taiao. Heoi anō, tera pea ka akiaki te CBAM i ētahi atu whenua ki te whakatinana i ā rātou ake tikanga utu waro me te whai wāhi ki te kaupapa o te ao ki te whakaiti i ngā tukunga GHG me te whakaiti i ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi.

Whakamutunga

Hei whakamutunga, ko te CBAM he taahiraa nui ki te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga āhuarangi a te EU, me te whakarite kia ōrite te papa tākaro mō ngā ahumahi o te EU. Mā te aukati i te turuturu waro me te whakatenatena i ngā kamupene ki te whakaiti i ō rātou tapuwae waro, ka whakarei ake te CBAM i te whai huatanga o ngā mahi whakaiti tukunga a te EU, ā, ka whai wāhi atu ki te mahi ā-ao ki te whakaiti i ngā tukunga GHG me te whakaiti i ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi. Heoi, ko te pānga o te CBAM ki te utu waro, te hokohoko tukunga, te hokohoko o te ao, me te taiao ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā taipitopito o tōna whakatinanatanga me te urupare a ētahi atu whenua me ngā kaipupuri hea.