Intangiriro

Ibigo na za leta birimo kubona ko hakenewe byihutirwa gukemura imihindagurikire y'ikirere no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere (GHG). Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi (EU) ni ingenzi mu bikorwa byo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ku isi, ushyira mu bikorwa politiki n’amabwiriza atandukanye kugira ngo byorohereze ubukungu bushingiye ku isuku nke. Rimwe mu mabwiriza aheruka ni Mechanism ya Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).

Igitekerezo cya CBAM ni intambwe ikomeye mu kugera ku ntego z’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, zirimo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ku kigero cya 55% bitarenze umwaka wa 2030. Cyatangijwe na Komisiyo y’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi muri Nyakanga 2021, gitangira gukurikizwa muri Gicurasi 2023. Muri iyi blog, tuzaganira ku bintu by’ingenzi bya CBAM, uko ikora, n’ingaruka zishobora kugira ku bucuruzi n’ubucuruzi.

Intego za CBAM ni izihe?

CBAM yatekerejweho kugira ngo ikemure ikibazo cyo kugabanuka kwa karuboni, ari na bwo amasosiyete yimurira ibikorwa byayo mu bihugu bifite amategeko adafite ishingiro ku bidukikije kugira ngo hirindwe ikiguzi cyo kubahiriza politiki z’ikirere z’ibihugu byabo. Guhindura umusaruro ukajya mu bihugu bifite amahame ari hasi y’ikirere bishobora gutuma imyuka ihumanya ikirere yiyongera ku isi. Kugabanuka kwa karuboni kandi bishyira inganda z’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi zigomba kubahiriza politiki z’ikirere mu kaga.

Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi ugamije gukumira imyuka ihumanya ikirere binyuze mu gutuma abatumiza ibicuruzwa bishyura imyuka ihumanya ikirere ijyanye no gukora ibicuruzwa byinjizwa mu muryango w’Uburayi. Ibi byashishikariza amasosiyete atari mu muryango w’Uburayi kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ihumanya ikirere no kwerekeza ku bukungu burimo imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Amasosiyete agomba kwishyura imyuka ihumanya ikirere aho ibikorwa byayo biherereye hose. Ibi byahuza inganda z’Umuryango w’Uburayi zigomba kubahiriza politiki zikomeye z’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi zishinzwe imihindagurikire y’ikirere no kwirinda ko zicibwa intege n’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga bikorerwa mu bihugu bifite amahame ari hasi y’ibidukikije.

Si ibi gusa, ahubwo na CBAM yashyiraho isoko ryinyongera ry’amafaranga muri EU, rishobora gukoreshwa mu gutera inkunga ibikorwa byo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere no gushyigikira impinduka zigana ku bukungu burengera ibidukikije. Kuva mu 2026 kugeza mu 2030, CBAM yitezweho kwinjiza amafaranga agera kuri miliyari 1 z’amayero ku mwaka, ku ngengo y’imari ya EU.

CBAM: Byakorwa bite?

CBAM yasaba abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga kwishyura imyuka ihumanya ikirere ijyanye no gukora ibicuruzwa byinjijwe mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, bakoresheje uburyo bumwe n’ubwo bukoreshwa ku bashora imari mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi muri gahunda ya EU Emissions Trading System (ETS). CBAM yasaba abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga kugura ibyemezo by’ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo bishyure imyuka ihumanya ikirere ijyanye no gukora ibicuruzwa byinjijwe mu mahanga. Igiciro cy’ibyo byemezo cyashingira ku giciro cya karuboni muri gahunda ya ETS.

Uburyo bwo gutanga ibiciro kuri CBAM buzaba busa n’ubwa ETS, hamwe n’igihe cyo gushyira mu bikorwa buhoro buhoro no kwiyongera buhoro buhoro mu bicuruzwa. CBAM izatangira gukoreshwa ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga birimo karubone nyinshi kandi bifite ibyago bikomeye byo gutakaza karubone: sima, icyuma n’ibyuma, aluminiyumu, ifumbire mvaruganda, amashanyarazi na hydrogen. Intego y’igihe kirekire ni ukwagura buhoro buhoro CBAM kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu nzego zitandukanye. Igihe cy’inzibacyuho cya CBAM cyatangiye ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2023 kandi kizakomeza kugeza ku ya 1 Mutarama 2026, ubwo sisitemu ihoraho izatangira gukurikizwa. Muri iki gihe, abinjira mu mahanga mu rwego rw’amategeko mashya bazagomba gutanga raporo y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biri mu bicuruzwa byabo (ibyuka bitaziguye n’ibitaziguye), nta kwishyura amafaranga cyangwa ngo bakore impinduka. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa buhoro buhoro ryaha abatumiza n’abohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga umwanya wo kumenyera sisitemu nshya no kwemeza ko inzira nziza igana ku bukungu burimo karubone nke.

Mu gihe kirekire, CBAM izarengera ibicuruzwa byose byinjizwa mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi bigengwa na ETS. Ibi bivuze ko ibicuruzwa byose bisohora GHG mu gihe cyo gukora bizarebwa, hatitawe ku gihugu byaturutsemo. CBAM izaremeza kandi ko abatumiza ibicuruzwa bishyura imyuka ihumanya ikirere ijyanye no gukora ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, ibi bikaba byatera inkunga amasosiyete yo kugabanya ubwinshi bwabyo bwa karuboni no kwerekeza ku bukungu burimo karuboni nke.

Ariko, hari bimwe bitajyanye na CBAM. Urugero, ibicuruzwa biva mu bihugu byashyizeho uburyo bwo gupima ibiciro bya karuboni byakurwaho muri CBAM. Byongeye kandi, abatumiza n'abohereza ibicuruzwa bato bari munsi y'umubare runaka nabo bakurwaho muri CBAM.

Ni izihe ngaruka zishobora guterwa na CBAM?

Biteganijwe ko igitekerezo cya CBAM kizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku biciro bya karuboni n'ubucuruzi bw'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere mu Muryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi. Mu gusaba abatumiza ibicuruzwa kugura ibyemezo bya karuboni kugira ngo bishyure ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bijyana no gukora ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, CBAM yakongera icyifuzo cy'ibyemezo bya karuboni kandi ishobora kongera igiciro cya karuboni muri ETS. Muri urwo rwego, CBAM yitezweho kugira uruhare mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no kugabanya ingaruka z'imihindagurikire y'ikirere. Ariko, ingaruka za CBAM ku bidukikije zizaterwa n'igiciro cya karuboni n'uburyo ibicuruzwa bikwirakwizwa.

Ingaruka za CBAM ku masezerano mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ntiziramenyekana neza. Hari ibihugu bimwe byagaragaje impungenge ko CBAM ishobora kurenga ku mahame y’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga w’Ubucuruzi (WTO). Ariko, EU yavuze ko CBAM yubahiriza byuzuye amategeko ya WTO kandi ko ikurikiza amahame yo guhangana mu buryo buboneye no kurengera ibidukikije. Byongeye kandi, CBAM ishobora gushishikariza ibindi bihugu gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwabyo bwo kugena ibiciro bya karuboni no gutanga umusanzu mu bikorwa mpuzamahanga byo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere no kugabanya ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.

Umwanzuro

Mu gusoza, CBAM ni intambwe ikomeye mu kugera ku ntego z’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi mu bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere no kwemeza ko inganda z’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi zigira urwego rumwe mu mikorere yazo. Mu gukumira ko karuboni isohoka no gushishikariza ibigo kugabanya karuboni, CBAM yakongera ubushobozi bw’ibikorwa bya EU byo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere no gutanga umusanzu ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere no kugabanya ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Ariko, ingaruka za CBAM ku biciro bya karuboni, ubucuruzi bw’imyuka ihumanya ikirere, ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, n’ibidukikije byashingira ku buryo burambuye ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo n’uburyo ibindi bihugu n’abafatanyabikorwa babyitabira.