Isingeniso

Amabhizinisi nohulumeni baya ngokuya beqaphela isidingo esiphuthumayo sokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebanga ukushisa (GHG). I-European Union (EU) ingumdlali obalulekile emizamweni yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi emhlabeni jikelele, isebenzisa izinqubomgomo nemithethonqubo eyahlukene ukuze kube lula ukushintshela emnothweni osebenzisa ikhabhoni ephansi. Omunye wemithethonqubo yakamuva yi-Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).

Isiphakamiso se-CBAM siyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekufezeni imigomo ye-EU yesimo sezulu, okuhlanganisa nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-GHG okungenani ngo-55% ngo-2030. Sasungulwa yiKhomishini yaseYurophu ngoJulayi 2021 futhi saqala ukusebenza ngoMeyi 2023. Kule bhulogi, sizoxoxa ngezici ezibalulekile ze-CBAM, ukuthi isebenza kanjani, kanye nomthelela wayo ongaba khona emabhizinisini nasekuhwebeni.

Yiziphi izinhloso ze-CBAM?

I-CBAM yaklanywa ukuze ibhekane nenkinga yokuvuza kwekhabhoni, okuyilapho izinkampani zithuthela khona imisebenzi yazo emazweni anemithethonqubo yezemvelo exegayo ukuze zigweme izindleko zokuthobela izinqubomgomo zesimo sezulu zamazwe azo. Ukushintsha umkhiqizo uye emazweni anezindinganiso zesimo sezulu eziphansi kungaholela ekwandeni kokukhishwa kwe-GHG emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuvuza kwekhabhoni kubeka nezimboni ze-EU okumele zilandele izinqubomgomo zesimo sezulu esimweni esibi.

I-EU ihlose ukuvimbela ukuvuza kwekhabhoni ngokwenza abangenisi bakhokhele ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ezingeniswa e-EU. Lokhu kuzokhuthaza izinkampani ezingaphandle kwe-EU ukuthi zinciphise ukukhishwa kwazo kwekhabhoni kanye nokushintshela emnothweni onekhabhoni ephansi. Izinkampani kuzodingeka zikhokhele umthelela wazo wekhabhoni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imisebenzi yazo ikuphi. Lokhu kuzolinganisa insimu yokudlala yezimboni ze-EU okumele zihambisane nezinqubomgomo zesimo sezulu eziqinile ze-EU futhi kuzivimbele ukuthi zingancishiswa ukungeniswa okukhiqizwa emazweni anezindinganiso eziphansi zemvelo.

Akukhona lokhu kuphela, kodwa i-CBAM izodala umthombo wemali engenayo owengeziwe we-EU, ongasetshenziswa ukuxhasa isenzo sesimo sezulu nokusekela ukushintshela emnothweni oluhlaza. Kusukela ngo-2026 kuya ku-2030, i-CBAM kulindeleke ukuthi ikhiqize imali engenayo elinganiselwa cishe ku-€1 billion ngonyaka ngokwesilinganiso, kwisabelomali se-EU.

I-CBAM: Kungasebenza Kanjani?

I-CBAM izodinga ukuthi abathumeli bakhokhele ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ezingeniswe e-EU, besebenzisa indlela efanayo naleyo esetshenziswa kubakhiqizi be-EU ngaphansi kwe-EU Emissions Trading System (ETS). I-CBAM izosebenza ngokudinga ukuthi abathumeli bathenge izitifiketi ze-elekthronikhi ukuze bamboze ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ezingenisiwe. Intengo yalezi zitifiketi izosuselwa entengo yekhabhoni ngaphansi kwe-ETS.

Indlela yokubeka amanani e-CBAM izofana neye-ETS, ngesikhathi sokufakwa kancane kancane kanye nokwanda kancane kancane kokumbozwa kwemikhiqizo. I-CBAM izoqala ukusebenza ekungenisweni kwezimpahla ezisebenzisa ikhabhoni kakhulu futhi ezisengozini enkulu yokuvuza kwekhabhoni: usimende, insimbi nensimbi, i-aluminium, umanyolo, ugesi, kanye ne-hydrogen. Inhloso yesikhathi eside ukwandisa kancane kancane ububanzi be-CBAM ukuze imboze imikhakha ehlukahlukene. Isikhathi sokuguquka se-CBAM saqala mhla lu-1 kuMfumfu 2023 futhi sizoqhubeka kuze kube mhla lu-1 kuJanuwari 2026, lapho uhlelo oluhlala njalo luqala ukusebenza. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, abangenisi bezimpahla ngaphansi kwemithetho emisha kuzodingeka babike kuphela ukukhishwa kwe-GHG okufakwe ekungenisweni kwabo (ukukhishwa okuqondile nokungaqondile), ngaphandle kokwenza noma yiziphi izinkokhelo zezimali noma ukulungiswa. Ukufakwa kancane kancane kuzonikeza abangenisi nabathumeli isikhathi sokuzivumelanisa nohlelo olusha futhi baqinisekise ukushintshela okubushelelezi emnothweni wekhabhoni ephansi.

Esikhathini eside, i-CBAM izomboza zonke izimpahla ezingeniswa e-EU ezingaphansi kwe-ETS. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma yimuphi umkhiqizo okhipha ama-GHG ngesikhathi senqubo yawo yokukhiqiza uzombozwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uvela kuliphi izwe. I-CBAM izoqinisekisa nokuthi abangenisi bakhokhela ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ezingeniswayo, okuzodala isikhuthazo ezinkampanini sokunciphisa umthelela wazo wekhabhoni kanye nokuguqukela emnothweni onekhabhoni ephansi.

Kodwa-ke, kunezinye izinto ezihlukile ku-CBAM. Isibonelo, ukungeniswa okuvela emazweni asebenzise izindlela ezifanayo zokubeka amanani ekhabhoni kuzokhululwa ku-CBAM. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathumeli nabathumeli abancane abangaphansi komkhawulo othile nabo bazokhululwa ku-CBAM.

Iyini imiphumela engaba khona ye-CBAM?

Isiphakamiso se-CBAM kulindeleke ukuthi sibe nomthelela omkhulu emananini ekhabhoni kanye nokuhweba ngokukhishwa kwegesi e-EU. Ngokudinga abathumeli ukuthi bathenge izitifiketi zekhabhoni ukuze bamboze ukukhishwa kwegesi okuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ezingenisiwe, i-CBAM izodala isidingo esisha sezitifiketi zekhabhoni futhi mhlawumbe inyuse intengo yekhabhoni ku-ETS. Kulokhu, i-CBAM kulindeleke ukuthi ifake isandla ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwegesi e-GHG kanye nokunciphisa imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, umthelela we-CBAM emvelweni uzoxhomeka entengo yekhabhoni kanye nokumbozwa kwemikhiqizo.

Umthelela we-CBAM ezivumelwaneni zokuhweba zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nesimo sezulu awukacaci. Amanye amazwe aveze ukukhathazeka ngokuthi i-CBAM ingase yephule izimiso ze-World Trade Organisation (WTO). Kodwa-ke, i-EU ithe i-CBAM iyayithobela ngokugcwele imithetho ye-WTO futhi ihambisana nezimiso zokuncintisana okufanele kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CBAM ingase ikhuthaze amanye amazwe ukuthi asebenzise izindlela zawo zokubeka amanani ekhabhoni futhi anikele emzamweni womhlaba wonke wokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-GHG kanye nokunciphisa imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Isiphetho

Ekuphetheni, i-CBAM imele isinyathelo esibalulekile ekufezeni imigomo yesimo sezulu se-EU nokuqinisekisa inkundla yokudlala elinganayo yezimboni ze-EU. Ngokuvimbela ukuvuza kwekhabhoni nokukhuthaza izinkampani ukuthi zinciphise ukunyathela kwazo kwekhabhoni, i-CBAM izothuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwemizamo yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ye-EU futhi ifake isandla emzamweni womhlaba wonke wokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ye-GHG nokunciphisa imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, umthelela we-CBAM emananini ekhabhoni, ukuhweba ngokukhishwa kwegesi, ukuhweba ngamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nemvelo kuzoncika emininingwaneni yokuqaliswa kwayo kanye nempendulo yamanye amazwe kanye nabathintekayo.