Intshayelelo

Amashishini noorhulumente baya beqonda ngakumbi isidingo esingxamisekileyo sokujongana notshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezibangela ubushushu (GHG). I-European Union (EU) ngumdlali ophambili kwimizamo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi kwihlabathi liphela, iphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemigaqo eyahlukeneyo yokwenza kube lula ukutshintshela kuqoqosho olusebenzisa ikhabhoni ephantsi. Omnye wemithetho yamva nje yiCarbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).

Isiphakamiso se-CBAM linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekufezekiseni iinjongo ze-EU malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu, eziquka ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-GHG ubuncinane ngama-55% ngo-2030. Saziswa yiKhomishini yaseYurophu ngoJulayi 2021 saza saqala ukusebenza ngoMeyi 2023. Kule bhlog, siza kuxoxa ngeempawu eziphambili ze-CBAM, indlela esebenza ngayo, kunye nefuthe layo elinokubakho kumashishini nakurhwebo.

Zithini iinjongo ze-CBAM?

I-CBAM yenzelwe ukujongana nomba wokuvuza kwekhabhoni, apho iinkampani zifudusela imisebenzi yazo kumazwe anemithetho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo ukuze kuthintelwe iindleko zokuthobela imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu yamazwe azo. Ukutshintshela imveliso kumazwe anemigangatho ephantsi yemozulu kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kokukhutshwa kwe-GHG kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuvuza kwekhabhoni kukwabeka amashishini e-EU ekufuneka athobele imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu kwimeko embi.

I-EU ijonge ukuthintela ukuvuza kwekhabhoni ngokwenza abangenisi bahlawulele ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni okunxulumene nokuveliswa kweempahla ezingeniswa kwi-EU. Oku kuya kukhuthaza iinkampani ezingaphandle kwe-EU ukuba zinciphise ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwazo kwaye zitshintshele kuqoqosho olunekhabhoni ephantsi. Iinkampani kuya kufuneka zihlawulele ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yazo nokuba imisebenzi yazo ikwindawo ephi. Oku kuya kulungelelanisa indawo yokudlala yamashishini e-EU ekufuneka athobele imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu engqongqo ye-EU kwaye kuthintele ukuba angathotyelwa yimpahla engeniswayo kumazwe anemigangatho ephantsi yokusingqongileyo.

Ayipheleli nje apha, kodwa i-CBAM iza kudala umthombo wengeniso owongezelelweyo kwi-EU, onokusetyenziselwa ukuxhasa amanyathelo okutshintsha kwemozulu nokuxhasa utshintsho oluya kuqoqosho oluluhlaza. Ukususela ngo-2026 ukuya ku-2030, i-CBAM kulindeleke ukuba ivelise ingeniso eqikelelwa kwi-€1 yezigidigidi ngonyaka ngokomndilili, kwibhajethi ye-EU.

I-CBAM: Ingasebenza njani?

I-CBAM iya kufuna ukuba abathumeli bamazwe ngamazwe bahlawulele ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni okunxulumene nokuveliswa kweempahla ezingeniswe kwi-EU, besebenzisa indlela efanayo naleyo isetyenziswa kubavelisi be-EU phantsi kweNkqubo yokuRhweba ngeMisitho ye-EU (ETS). I-CBAM iya kusebenza ngokufuna ukuba abathumeli bamazwe ngamazwe bathenge izatifikethi ze-elektroniki zokugubungela ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni okunxulumene nokuveliswa kweempahla ezingeniswe kwamanye amazwe. Ixabiso lezi zatifikethi liya kusekelwa kwixabiso lekhabhoni phantsi kwe-ETS.

Indlela yokuxabisa i-CBAM iya kufana neye-ETS, kunye nexesha lokungeniswa kancinci kancinci kunye nokunyuka kancinci kancinci kokugubungela iimveliso. I-CBAM iza kuqala isebenze ekungenisweni kweempahla ezisebenzisa ikhabhoni kakhulu kwaye zisemngciphekweni omkhulu wokuvuza kwekhabhoni: isamente, isinyithi kunye nentsimbi, i-aluminium, izichumisi, umbane, kunye ne-hydrogen. Injongo yexesha elide kukwandisa kancinci kancinci ububanzi be-CBAM ukuze igubungele uluhlu olubanzi lwamacandelo. Ixesha lotshintsho le-CBAM laqala nge-1 Okthobha 2023 kwaye liza kuqhubeka kude kube yi-1 Januwari 2026, xa inkqubo esisigxina iqala ukusebenza. Ngeli xesha, abangenisi beempahla kwicandelo lemithetho emitsha baya kufuneka baxele kuphela ukukhutshwa kwe-GHG okufakwe kwiimveliso zabo zokungenisa (ukukhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo nangokungathanga ngqo), ngaphandle kokwenza naziphi na iintlawulo zemali okanye uhlengahlengiso. Ukungeniswa kancinci kancinci kuya kunika abangenisi kunye nabathumeli ngaphandle ixesha lokuziqhelanisa nenkqubo entsha kwaye baqinisekise utshintsho oluhamba kakuhle oluya kuqoqosho olunekhabhoni ephantsi.

Kwixesha elide, i-CBAM iya kugubungela zonke iimpahla ezingeniswa kwi-EU eziphantsi kwe-ETS. Oku kuthetha ukuba nayiphi na imveliso ekhupha ii-GHG ngexesha lenkqubo yayo yokuvelisa iya kugubungela, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ivela kweliphi ilizwe. I-CBAM iya kuqinisekisa ukuba abathumeli bahlawula ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni okunxulumene nokuveliswa kweempahla ezingeniswayo, nto leyo eya kudala inkuthazo kwiinkampani ukuba zinciphise umngcipheko wazo wekhabhoni kwaye zitshintshele kuqoqosho olunekhabhoni ephantsi.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho izinto ezithile ezingafaniyo neCBAM. Umzekelo, ukungeniswa kwempahla evela kumazwe asebenzise iindlela ezifanayo zokubeka ixabiso lekhabhoni kuya kukhululwa kwiCBAM. Ngaphezu koko, abathumeli-mpahla abancinci kunye nabathumeli-mpahla abangaphantsi komda othile nabo baya kukhululwa kwiCBAM.

Iyintoni impembelelo enokubakho ye-CBAM?

Kulindeleke ukuba esi siphakamiso se-CBAM sibe nefuthe elikhulu kumaxabiso ekhabhoni kunye norhwebo lwe-emissions kwi-EU. Ngokufuna abathumeli bamazwe ngamazwe ukuba bathenge izatifikethi zekhabhoni ukuze bagubungele i-emissions enxulumene nokuveliswa kweempahla ezingeniswayo, i-CBAM iya kudala imfuno entsha yezatifikethi zekhabhoni kwaye inokunyusa ixabiso lekhabhoni kwi-ETS. Kule meko, i-CBAM kulindeleke ukuba incedise ekunciphiseni i-GHG emissions kwaye inciphise iimpembelelo zotshintsho lwemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo ye-CBAM kwindalo esingqongileyo iya kuxhomekeka kwixabiso lekhabhoni kunye nokugubungela kweemveliso.

Impembelelo ye-CBAM kwizivumelwano zorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemozulu ayikacaci. Amanye amazwe abonakalise inkxalabo yokuba i-CBAM inokwaphula imigaqo ye-World Trade Organisation (WTO). Nangona kunjalo, i-EU ithe i-CBAM iyayithobela ngokupheleleyo imithetho ye-WTO kwaye ihambelana nemigaqo yokhuphiswano olufanelekileyo kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-CBAM inokubangela amanye amazwe ukuba asebenzise iindlela zawo zokubeka amaxabiso ekhabhoni kwaye anegalelo kumzamo wehlabathi wokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-GHG kunye nokunciphisa iimpembelelo zotshintsho lwemozulu.

Isiphelo

Ukuqukumbela, i-CBAM imele inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekufezekiseni iinjongo zemozulu ze-EU kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba amashishini e-EU asebenza ngokulinganayo. Ngokuthintela ukuvuza kwekhabhoni kunye nokukhuthaza iinkampani ukuba zinciphise umngcipheko wazo wekhabhoni, i-CBAM iya kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemizamo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-EU kwaye inegalelo kumzamo wehlabathi wokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-GHG kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yotshintsho lwemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo ye-CBAM kumaxabiso ekhabhoni, urhwebo lwegesi ye-carbon, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nokusingqongileyo kuya kuxhomekeka kwiinkcukacha zokuphunyezwa kwayo kunye nempendulo yamanye amazwe kunye nabachaphazelekayo.