Intangiriro

Ibigo na guverinoma biragenda byumva ko byihutirwa gukemura ikibazo cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere (GHG). Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU) n’uruhare runini mu bikorwa byo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, gushyira mu bikorwa politiki n’amabwiriza atandukanye kugira ngo byorohereze inzira igana ku bukungu buke bwa karubone. Rimwe mu mabwiriza aheruka ni uburyo bwa Carbone Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).

Icyifuzo cya CBAM ni intambwe ikomeye mu kugera ku ntego z’ikirere z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, zirimo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere byibuze 55% mu 2030. Yatangijwe na komisiyo y’Uburayi muri Nyakanga 2021 itangira gukurikizwa muri Gicurasi 2023. Muri iyi blog, tuzaganira ku bintu by'ingenzi bigize CBAM, uko ikora, n'ingaruka zishobora kugira ku bucuruzi no mu bucuruzi.

Ni izihe ntego za CBAM?

CBAM yateguwe kugira ngo ikemure ikibazo cyo kumeneka kwa karubone, ni bwo amasosiyete yimurira ibikorwa byayo mu bihugu bifite amabwiriza y’ibidukikije bidahwitse kugira ngo yirinde ikiguzi cyo kubahiriza politiki y’ikirere y’iwabo. Kohereza umusaruro mu bihugu bifite ibipimo by’ikirere biri hasi bishobora gutuma imyuka y’ikirere yiyongera ku isi. Kumeneka kwa karubone kandi bituma inganda z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi zigomba kubahiriza politiki y’ikirere nabi.

Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ugamije gukumira imyuka ya karubone ituma abinjira mu mahanga bishyura ibyuka bihumanya bijyana n’umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu bihugu by’Uburayi. Ibi byashishikariza ibigo hanze y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no kwerekeza mu bukungu buke bwa karubone. Isosiyete igomba kwishyura ibirenge bya karubone hatitawe aho ibikorwa byayo biherereye. Ibi bizashyira ingufu mu nganda z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi zigomba kubahiriza politiki y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kandi bikababuza kugabanywa n’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga bikorerwa mu bihugu bifite ubuziranenge bw’ibidukikije.

Ntabwo aribi gusa, ahubwo CBAM izashyiraho andi masoko yinjira mubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, ashobora gukoreshwa mu gutera inkunga ibikorwa by’ikirere no gushyigikira inzibacyuho igana ku bukungu bw’ibidukikije. Kuva mu 2026 kugeza 2030, biteganijwe ko CBAM yinjiza amafaranga agera kuri miliyari imwe y’amayero ku mwaka ugereranyije, ku ngengo y’Uburayi.

CBAM: Byakora bite?

CBAM isaba abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga kwishyura ibyuka byangiza imyuka ijyanye n’umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu bihugu by’Uburayi, hakoreshejwe uburyo bumwe nkubwo bukoreshwa ku bicuruzwa by’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi muri gahunda y’ubucuruzi bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (ETS). CBAM yakora isaba abatumiza mu mahanga kugura ibyemezo bya elegitoroniki kugirango bishyure ibyuka bihumanya bijyana n’umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga. Igiciro cyibi byemezo cyaba gishingiye ku giciro cya karubone munsi ya ETS.

Uburyo bwo kugena ibiciro kuri CBAM bwaba bumeze nkubwa ETS, hamwe nicyiciro-buhoro buhoro no kwiyongera buhoro buhoro gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa. CBAM izabanza gukoreshwa mubitumizwa mu mahanga bikoresha ingufu za karubone kandi bishobora guteza ibyago byinshi byo kumeneka kwa karubone: sima, ibyuma nicyuma, aluminium, ifumbire, amashanyarazi, na hydrogen. Intego ndende ni ukwagura buhoro buhoro urugero rwa CBAM kugirango rugere ku nzego zitandukanye. Igihe cyinzibacyuho CBAM cyatangiye ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2023 kikazakomeza kugeza ku ya 1 Mutarama 2026, igihe gahunda ihoraho itangiye gukurikizwa. Muri iki gihe, abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu rwego rw’amategeko mashya bagomba gusa kumenyesha ibyuka bihumanya ikirere byinjijwe mu mahanga (ibyuka bitaziguye kandi bitaziguye), batishyuye amafaranga cyangwa ngo bahindure. Icyiciro gahoro gahoro cyaha abinjira nabatumiza hanze umwanya wo kumenyera sisitemu nshya no kwemeza ko inzira nziza igana mubukungu buke bwa karubone.

Mu gihe kirekire, CBAM izaba ikubiyemo ibicuruzwa byose byinjijwe muri EU bigengwa na ETS. Ibi bivuze ko ibicuruzwa byose bisohora parike mugihe cyo kuyibyaza umusaruro byari gutwikirwa, hatitawe ku gihugu cyaturutse. CBAM yakwemeza kandi ko abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bishyura ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bijyanye n’umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga, ibyo bikaba byafasha abashoramari kugabanya ikirenge cya karuboni no kwerekeza mu bukungu buke bwa karubone.

Ariko, hari bimwe bidasanzwe kuri CBAM. Kurugero, ibitumizwa mu bihugu byashyize mu bikorwa uburyo bungana n’ibiciro bya karubone byasonewe CBAM. Byongeye kandi, abatumiza mu mahanga n'abinjira mu mahanga bagwa munsi y'urugero runaka nabo basonewe CBAM.

Ni izihe ngaruka zishobora guterwa na CBAM?

Biteganijwe ko icyifuzo cya CBAM kizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku biciro bya karubone no gucuruza ibyuka bihumanya mu Burayi. Mugusaba abatumiza ibicuruzwa kugura ibyemezo bya karubone kugirango bishyure ibyuka bihumanya bijyana n’umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga, CBAM yashyiraho icyifuzo gishya cy’icyemezo cya karubone kandi gishobora kuzamura igiciro cya karubone muri ETS. Ni muri urwo rwego, CBAM iteganijwe kugira uruhare mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no kugabanya ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Nyamara, ingaruka za CBAM ku bidukikije ziterwa nigiciro cya karubone no gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa.

Ingaruka za CBAM ku masezerano mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi n’ikirere ntikiramenyekana. Ibihugu bimwe byagaragaje impungenge z'uko CBAM ishobora kurenga ku mahame y’umuryango w’ubucuruzi ku isi (WTO). Icyakora, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi wavuze ko CBAM yubahiriza byimazeyo amategeko ya WTO kandi ko ihuje n’amahame yo guhatana neza no kurengera ibidukikije. Byongeye kandi, CBAM irashobora gushishikariza ibindi bihugu gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwabyo bwite bwo kugena ibiciro bya karubone kandi bikagira uruhare mu bikorwa byo ku isi hose bigabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no kugabanya ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.

Umwanzuro

Mu gusoza, CBAM yerekana intambwe ikomeye iganisha ku ntego z’ikirere z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi no guharanira ko inganda z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi zigerwaho. Mu gukumira imyuka ya karubone no gushishikariza ibigo kugabanya ikirere cya karuboni, CBAM yazamura imikorere y’ingamba zo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere kandi ikagira uruhare mu bikorwa by’isi yose byo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no kugabanya ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Nyamara, ingaruka za CBAM ku biciro bya karubone, ubucuruzi bw’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, n’ibidukikije bizaterwa n’ibisobanuro birambuye ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryabyo ndetse n’ibisubizo by’ibindi bihugu ndetse n’abafatanyabikorwa.