Intshayelelo

Amashishini kunye noorhulumente baya beyiqonda ngakumbi imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse (GHG). I-European Union (i-EU) ngumdlali ophambili kwiinzame zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwehlabathi, ukuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemimiselo eyahlukeneyo ukuze kube lula ukutshintshela kuqoqosho lwekhabhoni ephantsi. Omnye wemigaqo yakutshanje yiCarbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).

Isiphakamiso se-CBAM linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekufezekiseni iinjongo zemozulu ze-EU, ezibandakanya ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-GHG okungenani ngama-55% ngo-2030. Yaziswa yiKomishoni yaseYurophu ngoJulayi 2021 kwaye yaqala ukusebenza ngoMeyi 2023. Kule bhlog, siza kuxubusha iimpawu eziphambili ze-CBAM, indlela esebenza ngayo, kunye nefuthe elinokubakho kumashishini.

Zithini iinjongo ze-CBM?

I-CBAM yenzelwe ukujongana nomba wokuvuza kwekhabhoni, kuxa iinkampani zifudusela imisebenzi yazo kumazwe anemithetho exekileyo yokusingqongileyo ukuthintela iindleko zokuthobela imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu yelizwe labo. Ukutshintsha imveliso iye kumazwe anemigangatho esezantsi yemozulu kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kokukhutshwa kweGHG yehlabathi. Ukuvuza kwekhabhoni kukwabeka amashishini e-EU ekufuneka athobele imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu emngciphekweni.

I-EU ijolise ekuthinteleni ukuvuza kwekhabhoni ngokwenza abarhwebi bamazwe angaphandle bahlawule ukukhutshwa okuhambelana nokuveliswa kwempahla engeniswe kwi-EU. Oku kuya kukhuthaza iinkampani ezingaphandle kwe-EU ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokutshintshela kuqoqosho lwekhabhoni ephantsi. Iinkampani kuya kufuneka zihlawulele i-carbon footprint yabo nokuba iphi imisebenzi yabo. Oku kuya kulungelelanisa ibala lemizi-mveliso ye-EU ekufuneka ithobele imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu engqongqo ye-EU kwaye ithintele ukuba ingathintelwa kukungeniswa kwezinto ezivela kumazwe angaphandle eziveliswa kumazwe anemigangatho esezantsi yokusingqongileyo.

Ayisiyiyo le kuphela, kodwa i-CBAM iza kudala umthombo owongezelelweyo wengeniso ye-EU, enokuthi isetyenziswe ukuxhasa ngezimali isenzo semozulu kunye nokuxhasa utshintsho olubhekiselele kuqoqosho oluluhlaza. Ukususela kwi-2026 ukuya kwi-2030, i-CBAM kulindeleke ukuba ivelise ingeniso eqikelelwa malunga ne-€ 1 yebhiliyoni ngonyaka ngokuqhelekileyo, kwibhajethi ye-EU.

CBAM: Ingasebenza njani?

I-CBAM iza kufuna ukuba abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle bahlawulele ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni okunxulumene nokuveliswa kwempahla engeniswe kwi-EU, besebenzisa indlela efanayo naleyo isetyenziswa kubavelisi be-EU phantsi kweNkqubo yokuRhweba ngoShishino lwe-EU (ETS). I-CBAM iza kusebenza ngokufuna abarhwebi abavela kumazwe angaphandle ukuba bathenge izatifikethi ze-elektroniki zokuhlawula ukukhutshwa okunxulumene nokuveliswa kwempahla evela kumazwe angaphandle. Ixabiso lezi zatifikethi ziya kusekelwa kwixabiso lekhabhoni phantsi kwe-ETS.

Indlela yokubeka amaxabiso e-CBM iya kufana naleyo ye-ETS, kunye nenqanaba lokungena kancinci kancinci kunye nokunyuka kancinci kugutyulo lweemveliso. I-CBAM iya kuqala ifake isicelo sokungeniswa kwempahla ephuma ngaphandle kwekhabhoni kwaye isengozini enkulu yokuvuza kwekhabhoni: isamente, intsimbi kunye nentsimbi, ialuminium, izichumisi, umbane kunye nehydrogen. Injongo yexesha elide kukwandisa kancinci kancinci umda we-CBAM ukugubungela uluhlu olubanzi lwamacandelo. Ixesha lenguqu ye-CBAM yaqala ngo-1 Oktobha 2023 kwaye iya kuqhubeka kude kube yi-1 kaJanuwari 2026, xa inkqubo esisigxina iqala ukusebenza. Ngeli xesha, abarhwebi bempahla kumazwe angaphandle ngokobume bemithetho emitsha kuya kufuneka baxele kuphela ukukhutshwa kwe-GHG okufakwe kwizinto eziphuma kumazwe angaphandle (ukukhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo nokungathanga ngqo), ngaphandle kokwenza naziphi na iintlawulo zemali okanye uhlengahlengiso. Inqanaba lokungena kancinci kancinci liya kunika abarhwebi kunye nabathumela ngaphandle ixesha lokuhlengahlengisa inkqubo entsha kunye nokuqinisekisa utshintsho olungenamagingxigingxi olusingise kuqoqosho lwekhabhoni ephantsi.

Ngexesha elide, i-CBM iya kugubungela zonke iimpahla ezingeniswe kwi-EU eziphantsi kwe-ETS. Oku kuthetha ukuba nayiphi na imveliso ekhupha ii-GHGs ngexesha lenkqubo yemveliso iya ku-inshorelwa, nokuba iphuma kweliphi ilizwe. I-CBAM iya kuqinisekisa ukuba abarhwebi bamazwe angaphandle bahlawula ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ehambelana nokuveliswa kwempahla evela kumazwe angaphandle, eya kudala inkuthazo kwiinkampani zokunciphisa i-carbon footprint kunye noshintsho oluya kuqoqosho lwekhabhoni ephantsi.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye izinto ngaphandle kwe-CBM. Umzekelo, ukungenisa kumazwe angaphandle aphumeze iindlela ezifanayo zekhabhoni zamaxabiso kuya kukhululwa kwi-CBM. Ngaphezu koko, abarhwebi abancinci nabathumela ngaphandle abawela ngaphantsi komda othile nabo baya kukhululwa kwi-CBM.

Lithini ifuthe elinokubakho le-CBM?

Isiphakamiso se-CBAM silindeleke ukuba sibe nempembelelo enkulu kwixabiso lekhabhoni kunye nokuthengiswa kwe-emissions kwi-EU. Ngokufuna abathengisi bamazwe angaphandle ukuba bathenge izatifikethi zekhabhoni zokuvala ukukhutshwa okuhambelana nokuveliswa kwempahla evela kumazwe angaphandle, i-CBAM iya kudala imfuno entsha yezatifikethi zekhabhoni kwaye inokunyusa ixabiso lekhabhoni kwi-ETS. Ngokuphathelene noku, i-CBAM kulindeleke ukuba ifake isandla ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwe-GHG kunye nokunciphisa iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo ye-CBAM kokusingqongileyo iya kuxhomekeka kwixabiso lekhabhoni kunye nokugubungela iimveliso.

Impembelelo ye-CBM kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezivumelwano zemozulu azikaqinisekiswa. Amanye amazwe avakalise inkxalabo yokuba i-CBM inokwaphula imigaqo yeWorld Trade Organisation (WTO). Nangona kunjalo, i-EU ichaze ukuba i-CBM ihambelana ngokupheleleyo nemithetho ye-WTO kwaye ihambelana nemigaqo yokhuphiswano olufanelekileyo kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Ngaphezu koko, i-CBAM inokubanakho ukukhuthaza amanye amazwe ukuba aphumeze iindlela zawo zokubeka amaxabiso ekhabhoni kwaye abe negalelo kwiinzame zehlabathi zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweGHG kunye nokunciphisa iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Ukuqukumbela

Ukuqukumbela, i-CBAM imele inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuphumezeni iinjongo zemozulu ze-EU kunye nokuqinisekisa umgangatho wokudlala wemizi-mveliso ye-EU. Ngokuthintela ukuvuza kwekhabhoni kunye neenkampani ezikhuthazayo ukuba zinciphise ubukho bekhabhoni, i-CBAM iya kuphucula ukusebenza kwemizamo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ye-EU kwaye ibe negalelo kumzamo wehlabathi wokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-GHG kunye nokuthomalalisa iimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo ye-CBM kwixabiso lekhabhoni, urhwebo olukhutshwayo, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nokusingqongileyo kuya kuxhomekeka kwiinkcukacha zokuphunyezwa kwayo kunye nokuphendula kwamanye amazwe kunye nabachaphazelekayo.